tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24291286170385911372024-03-14T07:01:17.063-04:00Moleculax - TECHNOLOGY AND KNOWLEDGE Information technology, Structured programmingEjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comBlogger782125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-85338293126765623712023-11-17T08:45:00.005-04:002023-11-17T08:45:45.154-04:00 6174 -> constante de Kaprekar<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">Una de estas constantes matemáticas es</span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 700;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">la constante de Kaprekar, en la que interviene una operación muy sencilla: la resta o sustracción.</span></p><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">Dattatreya Ramachandra Kaprekar fue un matemático indio especializado en la teoría de los números, que es la rama de las matemáticas que estudia las propiedades de los números y sus elementos. Entre las aportaciones de Kaprekar a la teoría de los números está el descubrimiento y la enunciación de la constante de Kaprekar, que viene determinada por el número de cuatro cifras 6174.</span><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></div><div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 12.5px;">En nuestro ejemplo obtendremos los números 5432 y 2345. El primero de ellos será el minuendo, y el segundo, el sustraendo de la siguiente resta:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 12.5px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">5432 - 2345 = 3087</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 12.5px;">Volvemos a repetir el proceso con 3087 para crear una nueva operación matemática, y así varias veces:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 12.5px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">8730 - 0378 = 8352</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">8532 - 2358 = 6174</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 12.5px;">No solo acabamos llegando siempre al 6174, sino que, si repetimos la operación con este número,<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"> </span>el resultado volverá a ser 6174. Por eso a este número se lo conoce como «constante de Kaprekar».<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />7641 - 1467 = 6174.</p></div>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-45605055359022495532023-10-13T16:21:00.006-04:002023-10-13T16:21:51.871-04:00 Para cambiar el nombre de usuario en Windows, <p><br /></p><ol class="b_dList" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: -apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Microsoft YaHei", "Meiryo UI", Meiryo, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: -4px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li data-priority="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px 0px 12px;">Ve a Inicio de Windows y escribe <b><i>netplwiz </i></b>y presionas Enter.</li><li data-priority="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px 0px 12px;">Luego se abrirán las propiedades de Cuentas de usuario. Haces doble clic sobre el usuario que deseas cambiar el nombre y abrir una nueva ventana.</li><li data-priority="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px 0px 12px;">En la ventana desplegada seleccionamos el usuario a modificar.</li><li data-priority="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px 0px 12px;">Damos clic en "Propiedades" y veremos lo siguiente.</li><li data-priority="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px 0px 12px;">En el campo “Nombre de usuario” asignamos el nuevo nombre.</li></ol>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-63323684876058607892023-09-20T16:52:00.000-04:002023-09-20T16:52:44.064-04:00Ahogado<p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"> Bueno, estoy tan cansado de la lluvia</p><p style="text-align: center;">Cayendo suavemente al suelo</p><p style="text-align: center;">Lo suficiente para mojarme los pies</p><p style="text-align: center;">Pero no lo suficiente como para dejarme ahogar</p><p style="text-align: center;">He estado acostado en mi cama</p><p style="text-align: center;">Deseando nunca haber despertado</p><p style="text-align: center;">Rogándole a Dios que me libre la cabeza</p><p style="text-align: center;">De cada palabra que alguna vez has dicho</p><p style="text-align: center;">Me rompí los nudillos en la pared</p><p style="text-align: center;">Porque pensé en la llamada</p><p style="text-align: center;">Donde dijiste que siempre me amarías</p><p style="text-align: center;">¿No dices la verdad en absoluto?</p><p style="text-align: center;">Bueno, si alguna vez cruzo por tu mente</p><p style="text-align: center;">Asegúrate de anotar los tiempos.</p><p style="text-align: center;">Entonces sabré los momentos</p><p style="text-align: center;">te estaba comiendo viva</p><p style="text-align: center;">Y ahora me quedo aquí</p><p style="text-align: center;">Esperando con la esperanza de que</p><p style="text-align: center;">Podría encontrar algo de sueño</p><p style="text-align: center;">necesito dormir un poco esta noche</p><p style="text-align: center;">porque he estado esperando tu llamada</p><p style="text-align: center;">Pero sé que nunca llegará</p><p style="text-align: center;">Pero todavía estoy esperando junto al teléfono.</p><p style="text-align: center;">Y no te atrevas (no te atrevas)</p><p style="text-align: center;">Di que alguna vez me amaste</p><p style="text-align: center;">O incluso dime que te importaba</p><p style="text-align: center;">porque sabías lo que estabas haciendo</p><p style="text-align: center;">Y sabes exactamente lo que has hecho</p><p style="text-align: center;">¿Cómo te atreves a decir que me extrañas?</p><p style="text-align: center;">Con tu saliva todavía en su lengua</p><p style="text-align: center;">estoy roto estoy golpeado</p><p style="text-align: center;">Estoy maltratado y destrozado</p><p style="text-align: center;">tengo frio sin direccion</p><p style="text-align: center;">Pero estoy perdido sin tu calidez</p><p style="text-align: center;">Estoy intentando encontrar algo de esperanza</p><p style="text-align: center;">Para que pueda tener la oportunidad de respirar</p><p style="text-align: center;">Sal de mi mente, devuélveme el corazón</p><p style="text-align: center;">Y aléjate de mí</p><p style="text-align: center;">Sé que no podría darte mucho</p><p style="text-align: center;">Pero sé que di lo mejor de mí</p><p style="text-align: center;">siempre fuiste mi princesa</p><p style="text-align: center;">Y ahora él está subiendo tu vestido</p><p style="text-align: center;">Y sé que le di al mundo</p><p style="text-align: center;">Todo lo que he tenido</p><p style="text-align: center;">Johnny Cash dijo que el amor ardería</p><p style="text-align: center;">Nunca pensé que dolería tanto</p><p style="text-align: center;">Bueno, estoy tan cansado de la lluvia</p><p style="text-align: center;">Cayendo suavemente al suelo</p><p style="text-align: center;">Lo suficiente para mojarme los pies</p><p style="text-align: center;">Pero no lo suficiente como para dejarme ahogar</p><p style="text-align: center;">He estado acostado en mi cama</p><p style="text-align: center;">Deseando nunca haber despertado</p><p style="text-align: center;">Rogándole a Dios que me libre la cabeza</p><p style="text-align: center;">De cada palabra que alguna vez has dicho</p><p style="text-align: center;">Me rompí los nudillos en la pared</p><p style="text-align: center;">Porque pensé en la llamada</p><p style="text-align: center;">Donde dijiste que siempre me amarías</p><p style="text-align: center;">¿No dices la verdad en absoluto?</p><p style="text-align: center;">Bueno, si alguna vez cruzo por tu mente</p><p style="text-align: center;">Asegúrate de anotar los tiempos.</p><p style="text-align: center;">Entonces sabré los momentos</p><p style="text-align: center;">te estaba comiendo viva</p><p style="text-align: center;">Eres la picazón que tengo en la espalda</p><p style="text-align: center;">Eres el chicle debajo de mi zapato</p><p style="text-align: center;">Eres los horrores de mi pasado.</p><p style="text-align: center;">Eres el frío que ronda la habitación</p><p style="text-align: center;">Eres el crujido de mis pasos</p><p style="text-align: center;">Eres cáncer, eres plaga.</p><p style="text-align: center;">Eres arrepentimiento, eres enfermedad.</p><p style="text-align: center;">desearía que te fueras</p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-67034207612796719182008-05-12T20:52:00.022-04:302023-09-20T14:22:34.612-04:00Algunos Wallpaper...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_mMABI0onMW0mp_JTSlIWRqNbumT17exMCVyqd9YD16qUxAKbhIDs2HVHu5GTmSBgXZ6W6HmqPAzPLUCZE6k5lSCAOUnG5vFmQzlizvUhyphenhyphenBcqqTcElLSWWl9jm3B2lH5e7iZDprwJAJG_/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_mMABI0onMW0mp_JTSlIWRqNbumT17exMCVyqd9YD16qUxAKbhIDs2HVHu5GTmSBgXZ6W6HmqPAzPLUCZE6k5lSCAOUnG5vFmQzlizvUhyphenhyphenBcqqTcElLSWWl9jm3B2lH5e7iZDprwJAJG_/s320/emilioGomez1590620616118.jpg" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7q05Jgp9ch33TW2bmHXfJQrHVrELap9ZkAA0cDt14n48913WYEg25iHqWG1B1H_Vpxo_zkTNX_8cI9paruLPUPoMzn_Gu2K4Ran5CTDVVvL-uw20ta7e5CthkZrMWGbwa_k4vPVbm6ybX/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1058" data-original-width="937" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7q05Jgp9ch33TW2bmHXfJQrHVrELap9ZkAA0cDt14n48913WYEg25iHqWG1B1H_Vpxo_zkTNX_8cI9paruLPUPoMzn_Gu2K4Ran5CTDVVvL-uw20ta7e5CthkZrMWGbwa_k4vPVbm6ybX/s320/emilioGomez1590620616118.jpg" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiL3b21TFpgzWPkxQ9R47Zbmr9tuo1gW2sbxX-4yltpmZT9j47qwiwpFuLEl80PW89ehO2pVfKxsG5rTHD0x1CBuwGMWSxF9fmnl688iu1hIaqi8scOSQl7AodihlTmammDr8VohCFtruw/s1600/tableftE.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiL3b21TFpgzWPkxQ9R47Zbmr9tuo1gW2sbxX-4yltpmZT9j47qwiwpFuLEl80PW89ehO2pVfKxsG5rTHD0x1CBuwGMWSxF9fmnl688iu1hIaqi8scOSQl7AodihlTmammDr8VohCFtruw/s320/tableftE.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrKPvmJUlCUnNhsU-7mliEd6ZCY8TqI2xdmqFkrJSXSFCorfL2DzEkDC340lw9L0vWHHTESoTprPG0l1QT4JoOLO76zkxqGlG5sUCQE7kyANH5uOl9PABoAChWPUiviiUS6QcMQ54dWrUN/s1600/testament.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrKPvmJUlCUnNhsU-7mliEd6ZCY8TqI2xdmqFkrJSXSFCorfL2DzEkDC340lw9L0vWHHTESoTprPG0l1QT4JoOLO76zkxqGlG5sUCQE7kyANH5uOl9PABoAChWPUiviiUS6QcMQ54dWrUN/s200/testament.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSdGScfG-P3AR1XylPhJEjlUkfxZ6lx_ol3YxqNJrt46wB2muEK31p6V_z6s_5LWxWrQGfJVIoLAFjb9c2R8gFv2RYRoGFA1V-VUpPNSAKk-x1adc24sjWKVmlR5pgqu9NLwxSTH_mCjCJ/s1600/slayer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSdGScfG-P3AR1XylPhJEjlUkfxZ6lx_ol3YxqNJrt46wB2muEK31p6V_z6s_5LWxWrQGfJVIoLAFjb9c2R8gFv2RYRoGFA1V-VUpPNSAKk-x1adc24sjWKVmlR5pgqu9NLwxSTH_mCjCJ/s200/slayer.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDEXWgRJmEGTyU0WpZEuMS7-4ideQxxt-egzqD5N-Q7Qsq5_dYwVF7mFJYqegqCcQmNz2io8PV_M2fFCkAuXlw1GAbgE2dcpCeZYMf8sUl7mFvaBGJMmiqdnEzcDUNJ1Ng88tDu3lb_Sc9/s1600/atari.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDEXWgRJmEGTyU0WpZEuMS7-4ideQxxt-egzqD5N-Q7Qsq5_dYwVF7mFJYqegqCcQmNz2io8PV_M2fFCkAuXlw1GAbgE2dcpCeZYMf8sUl7mFvaBGJMmiqdnEzcDUNJ1Ng88tDu3lb_Sc9/s200/atari.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYrwEq3K30vToCaqaqr3vKz-HIKclvZfNV_0MEyixqVe5wQcNBuexhpTwbTaPW3VopD1aD_wVTVuPWJVBsExhXT9DuuWdx5gY48ql782RcmADfsAG2UEK7x7xSv22bRHtTkIY8y4wj7XiE/s1600/wallpaperGillmanFest.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYrwEq3K30vToCaqaqr3vKz-HIKclvZfNV_0MEyixqVe5wQcNBuexhpTwbTaPW3VopD1aD_wVTVuPWJVBsExhXT9DuuWdx5gY48ql782RcmADfsAG2UEK7x7xSv22bRHtTkIY8y4wj7XiE/s200/wallpaperGillmanFest.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis606eIHbHT2xYsDaqybJDnWJjPiMyLZmcAyPE3Q1vlefcqMce0-eLjC6chZQzVqmBYrGAMZu2MtVutl1SNgSa9ApRjytVTNbgSGowYb4Z4KIObp8BSps-xAKuZu3gBRIiUWrA1otfmHXC/s1600/judasP.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis606eIHbHT2xYsDaqybJDnWJjPiMyLZmcAyPE3Q1vlefcqMce0-eLjC6chZQzVqmBYrGAMZu2MtVutl1SNgSa9ApRjytVTNbgSGowYb4Z4KIObp8BSps-xAKuZu3gBRIiUWrA1otfmHXC/s200/judasP.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8R1pXg6qZg7MgbpzRTxBMmRgS0yAXpqjq9pARfd765xoq0kV0EaC3CiVnJA7ikQyc-xEfcuXMYpeZW3ElTO1_TAssvvT18bH9WUYDSdXZImGD987CM9SdLnuH4XA8R3OcHcN5EBW0i4mF/s1600-h/Harley-1280x1024.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5201911209053389986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8R1pXg6qZg7MgbpzRTxBMmRgS0yAXpqjq9pARfd765xoq0kV0EaC3CiVnJA7ikQyc-xEfcuXMYpeZW3ElTO1_TAssvvT18bH9WUYDSdXZImGD987CM9SdLnuH4XA8R3OcHcN5EBW0i4mF/s200/Harley-1280x1024.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJXQ7kwHD9pmdP_Kw9Ga4XkZtAfbBzXFseqpEIu3g1QeqTAc11K5KqvSCXe4zi3eGgz6KrtzLa1wBIcIGswxHpEI4aOzD0gxnkcrk7iChZcUQ1AB5V2A4jj38bHkWc-azo1a8KIvQeOc2v/s1600-h/tux-2003.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199671758276533794" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJXQ7kwHD9pmdP_Kw9Ga4XkZtAfbBzXFseqpEIu3g1QeqTAc11K5KqvSCXe4zi3eGgz6KrtzLa1wBIcIGswxHpEI4aOzD0gxnkcrk7iChZcUQ1AB5V2A4jj38bHkWc-azo1a8KIvQeOc2v/s200/tux-2003.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeaQgMV4hbCesOWfPCnDfYde2H_jVBu_clJgOD6s4N3YICY11PGeSCMuqMEnOEGwzl2UnY78PPJBMkCOK0HyX4E8G6N4L4h5tdA-Xb4Ts564OhB4mrwz-PHCzwil8CHk4qBP1s0n0oWqwC/s1600-h/thundercats_wallpaper.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199670444016541186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeaQgMV4hbCesOWfPCnDfYde2H_jVBu_clJgOD6s4N3YICY11PGeSCMuqMEnOEGwzl2UnY78PPJBMkCOK0HyX4E8G6N4L4h5tdA-Xb4Ts564OhB4mrwz-PHCzwil8CHk4qBP1s0n0oWqwC/s200/thundercats_wallpaper.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLGuyIyReLjkcBnxCY8ygCxqgdDciR-0MM1YzkbaQTRTeyPZ1elLwLxJn9FJdn1IMNWtoeptqHV8E7i96vbBXNyvfwxiqRplMNRebOZNwpTp3GcmK768-U1Gdt9InaFmVb7ItMwSHFV7Bg/s1600-h/HarleyBlack.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5201910564808295554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLGuyIyReLjkcBnxCY8ygCxqgdDciR-0MM1YzkbaQTRTeyPZ1elLwLxJn9FJdn1IMNWtoeptqHV8E7i96vbBXNyvfwxiqRplMNRebOZNwpTp3GcmK768-U1Gdt9InaFmVb7ItMwSHFV7Bg/s200/HarleyBlack.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB3-BOFEJlUV5qVbNGduECc3G3p0mFwgJpeF6Sp2jEDMJrLVLVQFiXgNKoWemLWamYLwgpaYwkVoQQOPS7G0LIW8TDtH4crMRyLfi-zAoDmhQyYArYS3cM573naPVr_xMe0EEHa3uye0uN/s1600-h/harley-abstractchoppereq6.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5201910569103262866" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB3-BOFEJlUV5qVbNGduECc3G3p0mFwgJpeF6Sp2jEDMJrLVLVQFiXgNKoWemLWamYLwgpaYwkVoQQOPS7G0LIW8TDtH4crMRyLfi-zAoDmhQyYArYS3cM573naPVr_xMe0EEHa3uye0uN/s200/harley-abstractchoppereq6.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPXBzEnFIviaeabcLXnQXmViYzwPTsck9431FjfVsdj4t45Ko8e5ffGzyYNdRrFLbMXwN-m4wa9B_DV3Fs9TbOw5kM12ML-HbdEHg_UTSO1HqGal8N6OWDff7F5APqt9O4haTeBA9nJUE/s1600-h/kernel-panic.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199669168411254162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPXBzEnFIviaeabcLXnQXmViYzwPTsck9431FjfVsdj4t45Ko8e5ffGzyYNdRrFLbMXwN-m4wa9B_DV3Fs9TbOw5kM12ML-HbdEHg_UTSO1HqGal8N6OWDff7F5APqt9O4haTeBA9nJUE/s200/kernel-panic.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAFyWwmzP-rFBLqw83ylFjXrIjoj8Ng78TVYRSsUkLJdONyPdt1o9zxB_0SRI3w9c7rkqU-zW5LpzDMW21bpBuiYweRSYuCqrJilzNv2z0MTk71jQT7XBsqtFeS9SToxP2hXZ0kw6c6WTb/s1600-h/linux-027-1024x768.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199669177001188802" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAFyWwmzP-rFBLqw83ylFjXrIjoj8Ng78TVYRSsUkLJdONyPdt1o9zxB_0SRI3w9c7rkqU-zW5LpzDMW21bpBuiYweRSYuCqrJilzNv2z0MTk71jQT7XBsqtFeS9SToxP2hXZ0kw6c6WTb/s200/linux-027-1024x768.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwTlFIeM-G5wt5ed1mA_IZwn5xHhxYlEspsG6EqTz8KCUjKevLVqplqjqrTG6uR7BH5CBdUgN0xXA-ezYsFp5oc9qf53Wy7-YKvhAaKAyUek2HkI14TrNkoaAqORnRA3XiMoAAFiOr0v1s/s1600-h/aq6.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199671762571501106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwTlFIeM-G5wt5ed1mA_IZwn5xHhxYlEspsG6EqTz8KCUjKevLVqplqjqrTG6uR7BH5CBdUgN0xXA-ezYsFp5oc9qf53Wy7-YKvhAaKAyUek2HkI14TrNkoaAqORnRA3XiMoAAFiOr0v1s/s200/aq6.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyAzzwiWagnWOKUVscVSSCB9b_s-IYKCnaovWcOGx1y_nzdWx3fLKbBctObpsTLEdDXlvr6BqicQT4MuTk29A-GV1o0uYhgPFHqhFS2-76qVDOkSV667F2Y6qf5P3Csi-cKoD7Er03fqnZ/s1600-h/Harley+Davidson+V-Rod.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5201910560513328242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyAzzwiWagnWOKUVscVSSCB9b_s-IYKCnaovWcOGx1y_nzdWx3fLKbBctObpsTLEdDXlvr6BqicQT4MuTk29A-GV1o0uYhgPFHqhFS2-76qVDOkSV667F2Y6qf5P3Csi-cKoD7Er03fqnZ/s200/Harley+Davidson+V-Rod.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik2Sx4bAHkaKaCw3SeOOJangVBWL6YEm2uPnkkAWGMowlHTdlFaJFBJ0zw1G6fj-yMvc7tcgKHXAs5jwRvJ8US79OLRMkselvQd306dA-Mrdqm0yyhzeffbpn-pD8ZjhsuP7pGFh5wOSOU/s1600-h/wall3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199671762571501122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik2Sx4bAHkaKaCw3SeOOJangVBWL6YEm2uPnkkAWGMowlHTdlFaJFBJ0zw1G6fj-yMvc7tcgKHXAs5jwRvJ8US79OLRMkselvQd306dA-Mrdqm0yyhzeffbpn-pD8ZjhsuP7pGFh5wOSOU/s200/wall3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcSGJMxEeBvbEKApW_P9phtEiyp1s3e6KTcA93wmtnewViau36PZsVE7hlHj_mmlYbY33B8CznJxf6ld_qt8kpu9Y4Nd5pPnPhwci3RBs_mbIKtBlc_KbbjCDesXvWnJanNnTbf3Un-N5/s1600-h/wallpaper1.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199671771161435730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcSGJMxEeBvbEKApW_P9phtEiyp1s3e6KTcA93wmtnewViau36PZsVE7hlHj_mmlYbY33B8CznJxf6ld_qt8kpu9Y4Nd5pPnPhwci3RBs_mbIKtBlc_KbbjCDesXvWnJanNnTbf3Un-N5/s200/wallpaper1.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZLhS_rKnbzME794kytsT0voUhaRfqpiCsBH17HHtHgEgdGgqYNBRfwSDtzWkeP9SwZBYGmuFjRx4U6sc7F86VHYnlbtdwapvncwCQkLjTPWnnt_i9IbQFpeXgqob44CF01qM8nqkStezT/s1600-h/Wallpaper_Hacker_1024x768.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199671775456403042" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZLhS_rKnbzME794kytsT0voUhaRfqpiCsBH17HHtHgEgdGgqYNBRfwSDtzWkeP9SwZBYGmuFjRx4U6sc7F86VHYnlbtdwapvncwCQkLjTPWnnt_i9IbQFpeXgqob44CF01qM8nqkStezT/s200/Wallpaper_Hacker_1024x768.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioN2FKAY1YqZEzBB5A6k3J036OtwDnpwM9I_Scb6mlGmiJjs0X3_fx9S1QCBhMcS4ovl1hyphenhyphenTbK6OFy0e20XFda86GTe7pSpvcaS2XYM3szGfBmnedPGze73Z6e6LKQcGwy4XNQLL0jtgWk/s1600-h/OTHER-GnuPoweredBlue1280x800_1280x1024.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199670418246737362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioN2FKAY1YqZEzBB5A6k3J036OtwDnpwM9I_Scb6mlGmiJjs0X3_fx9S1QCBhMcS4ovl1hyphenhyphenTbK6OFy0e20XFda86GTe7pSpvcaS2XYM3szGfBmnedPGze73Z6e6LKQcGwy4XNQLL0jtgWk/s200/OTHER-GnuPoweredBlue1280x800_1280x1024.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRBt6iq62z9DXqmllw5WVSF5lHrCFUA2YMbGzxFWct39WkEvL6zzrwnQbdehnL_OSTTb3gM8NBqkm8NS23cQNK55qvkQID4N6hJkl2pAzAzDIHQ-yWGtVV1bKDO1-HYa_uIbWOIMnuHHox/s1600-h/pata1-gnome-fedora-ve.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199670426836671970" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRBt6iq62z9DXqmllw5WVSF5lHrCFUA2YMbGzxFWct39WkEvL6zzrwnQbdehnL_OSTTb3gM8NBqkm8NS23cQNK55qvkQID4N6hJkl2pAzAzDIHQ-yWGtVV1bKDO1-HYa_uIbWOIMnuHHox/s200/pata1-gnome-fedora-ve.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQSHUZbC4BaxipTCl3KKrJnUMhqAcUarqZrslWD0Z2GlAQW4C9to8lwaVX2Q8tyden2tWZRqBAIZE2mW-XYQZuwIQf30aKsQ0KAk7XNXG4vFTbFu8VMUcnmQ7XDA5hdvWX3YRZ60_6mKhn/s1600-h/slack10.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199670431131639282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQSHUZbC4BaxipTCl3KKrJnUMhqAcUarqZrslWD0Z2GlAQW4C9to8lwaVX2Q8tyden2tWZRqBAIZE2mW-XYQZuwIQf30aKsQ0KAk7XNXG4vFTbFu8VMUcnmQ7XDA5hdvWX3YRZ60_6mKhn/s200/slack10.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpUlTQOeXoP8M2kVocxhlQLSU0V-FHEbI2cZRaT3LorJI6iZYxlrq_i9fqLbU0HUBzLBqhTm8gwZEt1x1uurIbjDXM9LZO-dUzVxyz8VLt4n3f3uV5hghT6lTRd0fQTp9AIR7lQeTD2v2e/s1600-h/Troyan0_clug_Wallpaper_1_1152x864.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199670465491377682" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpUlTQOeXoP8M2kVocxhlQLSU0V-FHEbI2cZRaT3LorJI6iZYxlrq_i9fqLbU0HUBzLBqhTm8gwZEt1x1uurIbjDXM9LZO-dUzVxyz8VLt4n3f3uV5hghT6lTRd0fQTp9AIR7lQeTD2v2e/s200/Troyan0_clug_Wallpaper_1_1152x864.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlm45aOfTRA3bqh_jCA4TTy2xOpkMj-Rork9eUanABKfdvTonNAwHFUFI61CDyjQIbg7gUwd1y536VDy5THIhj_DbLlpka4Foc0TfsAxupB9EAXAHt_JHyhGR_2nNY_us4EKCM6ws7eCFX/s1600-h/Kde+Wallpaper+-+White+%27N+Red.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199669164116286850" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlm45aOfTRA3bqh_jCA4TTy2xOpkMj-Rork9eUanABKfdvTonNAwHFUFI61CDyjQIbg7gUwd1y536VDy5THIhj_DbLlpka4Foc0TfsAxupB9EAXAHt_JHyhGR_2nNY_us4EKCM6ws7eCFX/s200/Kde+Wallpaper+-+White+'N+Red.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPXBzEnFIviaeabcLXnQXmViYzwPTsck9431FjfVsdj4t45Ko8e5ffGzyYNdRrFLbMXwN-m4wa9B_DV3Fs9TbOw5kM12ML-HbdEHg_UTSO1HqGal8N6OWDff7F5APqt9O4haTeBA9nJUE/s1600-h/kernel-panic.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199669168411254162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPXBzEnFIviaeabcLXnQXmViYzwPTsck9431FjfVsdj4t45Ko8e5ffGzyYNdRrFLbMXwN-m4wa9B_DV3Fs9TbOw5kM12ML-HbdEHg_UTSO1HqGal8N6OWDff7F5APqt9O4haTeBA9nJUE/s200/kernel-panic.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0BU7P0jOl2M6sTnZvpoz5A6xnTwB-0Wqx0DzuTN9EOjQ8UxUwA1sbDrFAh61OHUBFx4-p-SKhwb_2VpUMxk5p79E2ywJkyjM-bK1-JNr7E5Qx6XciXsf6Qd_eHmMcVdwapBpyCBdMgfvE/s1600-h/linux08.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199669172706221474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0BU7P0jOl2M6sTnZvpoz5A6xnTwB-0Wqx0DzuTN9EOjQ8UxUwA1sbDrFAh61OHUBFx4-p-SKhwb_2VpUMxk5p79E2ywJkyjM-bK1-JNr7E5Qx6XciXsf6Qd_eHmMcVdwapBpyCBdMgfvE/s200/linux08.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwDDxDWykgapry5hN9UaCNBLcdJRV3tWx-HTC0WGuY2LkQDGpgJyl26FsYzMWXlauNz_iXa7diFS2u51aftWYl15kkCAmHiQtzMYWOY7GyAvNw1mVxPOFaklMBmM-tY3yP66PIx68pfxKX/s1600-h/linux_14.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199669172706221490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwDDxDWykgapry5hN9UaCNBLcdJRV3tWx-HTC0WGuY2LkQDGpgJyl26FsYzMWXlauNz_iXa7diFS2u51aftWYl15kkCAmHiQtzMYWOY7GyAvNw1mVxPOFaklMBmM-tY3yP66PIx68pfxKX/s200/linux_14.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim1tk9i5sq-AbjpQl1k_OqdbVvN13980Q60n7zS5S42qAf-reRQJeA4IfoL7MyydysBmT8ct9PD9_kJFqMlhy2dwMBb-VIEREnm-1OqIZODlVdNjItOXTJnkefDaPdlKSzcisYx9AJK56d/s1600-h/decept_comicon_wallpaper.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199668360957402418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim1tk9i5sq-AbjpQl1k_OqdbVvN13980Q60n7zS5S42qAf-reRQJeA4IfoL7MyydysBmT8ct9PD9_kJFqMlhy2dwMBb-VIEREnm-1OqIZODlVdNjItOXTJnkefDaPdlKSzcisYx9AJK56d/s200/decept_comicon_wallpaper.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7In3YNY_OD-mwBC9xoHV6Pxbu6FRxtskVoM4u-QrH34Q4jYohL51Ag6IvkUMGCuyLSOL_YhcNI304l6PFzm3lYh0ATIgWYvMdT9Z9fpZq9iGUJBQ-qjhfHlEWZBOLKEgov-ilt6zGs7no/s1600-h/gnome01.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199668365252369730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7In3YNY_OD-mwBC9xoHV6Pxbu6FRxtskVoM4u-QrH34Q4jYohL51Ag6IvkUMGCuyLSOL_YhcNI304l6PFzm3lYh0ATIgWYvMdT9Z9fpZq9iGUJBQ-qjhfHlEWZBOLKEgov-ilt6zGs7no/s200/gnome01.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgNHG0AqGk6Myide7z70khxTBbS1HkYuautFtbTyYapvjTptaTACJ_QDm7GCPTr8S2GUYEzByVzOKtGqbJDo8-FsnBZfmRCfG8xL511p2xNpwycv4Wm9xY-r_tKRrwQzMsLjWNgz3tpsW1/s1600-h/gnome12.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199668365252369746" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgNHG0AqGk6Myide7z70khxTBbS1HkYuautFtbTyYapvjTptaTACJ_QDm7GCPTr8S2GUYEzByVzOKtGqbJDo8-FsnBZfmRCfG8xL511p2xNpwycv4Wm9xY-r_tKRrwQzMsLjWNgz3tpsW1/s200/gnome12.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvUL1RFYnYFrz45-gQyCHUR0zmZLH0bUvRJv7mp672a3uDCV1N0QrZZ2nfwJYbrycEwMh0eXrPzs6UNj7_NXwi6I-WoexXsZ8vm7tNLROdEu338F9OfV0nAeH56FIx_hgN5zG8n4n35mLU/s1600-h/gnublue.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199668373842304354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvUL1RFYnYFrz45-gQyCHUR0zmZLH0bUvRJv7mp672a3uDCV1N0QrZZ2nfwJYbrycEwMh0eXrPzs6UNj7_NXwi6I-WoexXsZ8vm7tNLROdEu338F9OfV0nAeH56FIx_hgN5zG8n4n35mLU/s200/gnublue.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu49q4ad1xpm3UAHelzBbwRhzGhu9GYJfyHSnThH2s2n8STAqp4rZUDZfJVjTPj3GTyGyKTbddV3WrSxxBB_junMEz0ICLOHaz4w06s9pPXKgQvrnBA81kjB3iZvbJ5MmcL86_Fb7GgtYX/s1600-h/Half+life+2+wallpaper.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199668378137271666" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu49q4ad1xpm3UAHelzBbwRhzGhu9GYJfyHSnThH2s2n8STAqp4rZUDZfJVjTPj3GTyGyKTbddV3WrSxxBB_junMEz0ICLOHaz4w06s9pPXKgQvrnBA81kjB3iZvbJ5MmcL86_Fb7GgtYX/s200/Half+life+2+wallpaper.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6MtmbENeFa8zs0nAo-1-mc1UGWiip0fxztXHr1sVfxQIthsXkC7j9wLlfpV9HAKCBr6NHg7nMrd3Rc_yJFZ2U6EZfXrrY0JY29jZ4pZC01lIOmPa752Oc76N0vUHRpPQPDR-dyKIhCcN3/s1600-h/angelina_jolie_1024x768_2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199667708122373346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6MtmbENeFa8zs0nAo-1-mc1UGWiip0fxztXHr1sVfxQIthsXkC7j9wLlfpV9HAKCBr6NHg7nMrd3Rc_yJFZ2U6EZfXrrY0JY29jZ4pZC01lIOmPa752Oc76N0vUHRpPQPDR-dyKIhCcN3/s200/angelina_jolie_1024x768_2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-aZfK4LIZiNWW_YRD790H4X82U5mBnA_qosrR4hTYBnwIdUYT0KZfwQTDnT4VzrnT8W53V0QDnO4TIIaUzs5nJDmn23FNAlZcwaIjNM1GfsTIZajxnhYWGvgrPiQymwGMigTYdeSKJLRE/s1600-h/auto_comicon_wallpaper.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199667708122373362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-aZfK4LIZiNWW_YRD790H4X82U5mBnA_qosrR4hTYBnwIdUYT0KZfwQTDnT4VzrnT8W53V0QDnO4TIIaUzs5nJDmn23FNAlZcwaIjNM1GfsTIZajxnhYWGvgrPiQymwGMigTYdeSKJLRE/s200/auto_comicon_wallpaper.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLnTulrnlAFWx2qoH3-XGUW9Y8N6R0zb2ZIXo_Bz7u0TGQKRv-imjgUfe7nm1NnmUtWEuCX-IadNnHjOEmKoG9dA1EVjBZ02Q2kFYhl5P0TCfgKSW5iDvtOp0GupjVUXkWiF2u2kyCjyvJ/s1600-h/Bob_Marley_wallpaper_picture_image_free_music_Reggae_desktop_wallpaper_1024.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199667712417340674" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLnTulrnlAFWx2qoH3-XGUW9Y8N6R0zb2ZIXo_Bz7u0TGQKRv-imjgUfe7nm1NnmUtWEuCX-IadNnHjOEmKoG9dA1EVjBZ02Q2kFYhl5P0TCfgKSW5iDvtOp0GupjVUXkWiF2u2kyCjyvJ/s200/Bob_Marley_wallpaper_picture_image_free_music_Reggae_desktop_wallpaper_1024.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWmhHx-KoAGYjW7lCXKy3hmv_72_KBH-Dy_NC_2bpXPFgn3BQIvXwwZ2TK19AdQ1j0RRr2xKCOdKezasxePxxAnpvIXxnJkxr1smpuzBjb_o2uffOyszLfVnIJumCU8gE11QJor3VXZ732/s1600-h/culito.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199667716712307986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWmhHx-KoAGYjW7lCXKy3hmv_72_KBH-Dy_NC_2bpXPFgn3BQIvXwwZ2TK19AdQ1j0RRr2xKCOdKezasxePxxAnpvIXxnJkxr1smpuzBjb_o2uffOyszLfVnIJumCU8gE11QJor3VXZ732/s200/culito.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEickGSrPrrz2szo7GnuuHba7zjiRLALRe4_0Xwz3j-BdLWjPEbMXndT5VGX6rfgMBwT34zBoPKHq71sDf6PFdqc59w7wb1vkT7ylZVU8-sHHTgT8vPWO-0ZVTvY6ckjKxTGas_F5Gekb-8P/s1600-h/debian000.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199667721007275298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEickGSrPrrz2szo7GnuuHba7zjiRLALRe4_0Xwz3j-BdLWjPEbMXndT5VGX6rfgMBwT34zBoPKHq71sDf6PFdqc59w7wb1vkT7ylZVU8-sHHTgT8vPWO-0ZVTvY6ckjKxTGas_F5Gekb-8P/s200/debian000.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFTUa8azJ0hIB5TZJGPUCXbOpxTDIG7XrM1E7gkHUikZy9bgtMQfLRGR_9ML8UhA2gzduwR_61XjbA0njPQQPdrEUCMGeGYT6xzNHdNpqWiB8xFCxsffHTuRRcu_XK9eow3OqjlyfVzuDP/s1600-h/012365.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199667166956493970" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFTUa8azJ0hIB5TZJGPUCXbOpxTDIG7XrM1E7gkHUikZy9bgtMQfLRGR_9ML8UhA2gzduwR_61XjbA0njPQQPdrEUCMGeGYT6xzNHdNpqWiB8xFCxsffHTuRRcu_XK9eow3OqjlyfVzuDP/s200/012365.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf3j_UDzdn8rcr6vwsgyt_lS65jI7KiV7idIHs89WGzeitBdNKHlWssC8bL-nlwkyu33ctiN98-alRyi1N2C3RtntpUT8_fNxOSNRThVU5D7BHaLbwwlbsYSbqUprhomPUx8aedAGz9Lot/s1600-h/51458-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199667171251461282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf3j_UDzdn8rcr6vwsgyt_lS65jI7KiV7idIHs89WGzeitBdNKHlWssC8bL-nlwkyu33ctiN98-alRyi1N2C3RtntpUT8_fNxOSNRThVU5D7BHaLbwwlbsYSbqUprhomPUx8aedAGz9Lot/s200/51458-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQAYqmCye3YLvRwq-CTikyuGhv9siZZLE0EJI_iJ1Bo4W_joq0on5t4XCeLpAxECYPj054GFYcarr5ljbtI7syGZhpFUWfu_2k4PIbMY704IZsSt-5m8786IeCMn5l9qOw3HfNGA3u0qJj/s1600-h/1117119227.Suse.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199667175546428594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQAYqmCye3YLvRwq-CTikyuGhv9siZZLE0EJI_iJ1Bo4W_joq0on5t4XCeLpAxECYPj054GFYcarr5ljbtI7syGZhpFUWfu_2k4PIbMY704IZsSt-5m8786IeCMn5l9qOw3HfNGA3u0qJj/s200/1117119227.Suse.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhneNvutTyuTwB_iqyBpFGQBPCjUwimsSt0JICLemAGvorflNj0xqSihEfRQDfck-U7KStYuSyFEUpR6AiZklF1btcU3jBE9vSQwJkW5XN21fOHwJ11WD14PK3F9F3oKc-io-1NQWq_Krko/s1600-h/1149748980036.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199667179841395906" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhneNvutTyuTwB_iqyBpFGQBPCjUwimsSt0JICLemAGvorflNj0xqSihEfRQDfck-U7KStYuSyFEUpR6AiZklF1btcU3jBE9vSQwJkW5XN21fOHwJ11WD14PK3F9F3oKc-io-1NQWq_Krko/s200/1149748980036.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2FP7yfQO8s87JOPYPQXbvcYLUXuZQgwgx1UfHgaipurCF7lFKNGn3m9Tm0bb9_mSVOZvImU0R65vamT7cmIjPRr06BmXq-tC_c1w6B6BvKIOMQdOLHvyf4a-z2xhsYqaDq57acHuRVvVm/s1600/fondito.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2FP7yfQO8s87JOPYPQXbvcYLUXuZQgwgx1UfHgaipurCF7lFKNGn3m9Tm0bb9_mSVOZvImU0R65vamT7cmIjPRr06BmXq-tC_c1w6B6BvKIOMQdOLHvyf4a-z2xhsYqaDq57acHuRVvVm/s320/fondito.jpg" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXaa_j6aP8Oy-L6_5KbIw9vUHJH8a_9DhLbTfx4SiG_-HdLqX7ftrsmDdj_ffrXQ3ydsNZJaY5KYBtWYun_z3YbNSAP5czsRIyU-Lk_d0zMnpsbi8VyqWwLV8_W2KzJDz4I7oE600nnkbg/s1600-h/aaaa61403-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199667188431330514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXaa_j6aP8Oy-L6_5KbIw9vUHJH8a_9DhLbTfx4SiG_-HdLqX7ftrsmDdj_ffrXQ3ydsNZJaY5KYBtWYun_z3YbNSAP5czsRIyU-Lk_d0zMnpsbi8VyqWwLV8_W2KzJDz4I7oE600nnkbg/s200/aaaa61403-1.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /> </a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpl1Wqhh-0wqMsXaJO7eZyhaRDF9zgQnZKj__Z6Ztq7sA9oPwDm0iae3gFd7lXwN2BF_UiP3X9rBDGpijBjQ-xXgE0Od1G0pxdNm_UNLeJtC1kzsF87MRaHFWuG3FSScMBk7eFcRfTcp3x/s1600/moleculaXban.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="64" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpl1Wqhh-0wqMsXaJO7eZyhaRDF9zgQnZKj__Z6Ztq7sA9oPwDm0iae3gFd7lXwN2BF_UiP3X9rBDGpijBjQ-xXgE0Od1G0pxdNm_UNLeJtC1kzsF87MRaHFWuG3FSScMBk7eFcRfTcp3x/s1600/moleculaXban.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9N0fsEi3Yuyh2FdILSya9bcbRV4D-QeTpCvnS13meRCdaWmGvBp08ucj8C-Q1jFu3KrlVNR6GEZYqZHi0NxABS-2sDpVCGAveXEcl6dgN1ALNm1VSzPM9WoeJApLV3c3PF2PH9rGUxpa0/s50/pdfLogo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="50" data-original-width="50" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9N0fsEi3Yuyh2FdILSya9bcbRV4D-QeTpCvnS13meRCdaWmGvBp08ucj8C-Q1jFu3KrlVNR6GEZYqZHi0NxABS-2sDpVCGAveXEcl6dgN1ALNm1VSzPM9WoeJApLV3c3PF2PH9rGUxpa0/s0/pdfLogo.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAREaYfYY8WKm3t9cngw_knNkanB_RdGgPNZZ7x4McqHJRCI6j8pcki9hagN4k-eU5fqIUzbPReIBQz07LUoOW4JH5eJxXJPc8Qy6q6ld92lEqsss_JxevNmUS24IzQe5520ZG12zpA-GTYdhluJxBj_wo-ByVlpr2ZsZRVFq0P62xJF46M2rI628oSalC/s640/57499581_410695646154643_6409011462504710144_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAREaYfYY8WKm3t9cngw_knNkanB_RdGgPNZZ7x4McqHJRCI6j8pcki9hagN4k-eU5fqIUzbPReIBQz07LUoOW4JH5eJxXJPc8Qy6q6ld92lEqsss_JxevNmUS24IzQe5520ZG12zpA-GTYdhluJxBj_wo-ByVlpr2ZsZRVFq0P62xJF46M2rI628oSalC/s320/57499581_410695646154643_6409011462504710144_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYPaNsSrpwh2if4aVUauSZQ4hQlzM8VEUl0U5watFFEjhOQHsH0Yw2xDkJsOi0QXDZG4u73Y1H9QL5eVtqmGUnXGfcCw_unr3Drk4ijBn-r_N-jbLljKWx17rCU9wk8_DeaaHXyUnH-ae0RNZ61iZ4BteT7WVnG4exNP1EZdjW2CwpaAur2yEnXmKTRD0f/s520/negro-enso-zen-c%C3%ADrculo-con-peces-rojos-y-vectores-eps_csp29890139.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYPaNsSrpwh2if4aVUauSZQ4hQlzM8VEUl0U5watFFEjhOQHsH0Yw2xDkJsOi0QXDZG4u73Y1H9QL5eVtqmGUnXGfcCw_unr3Drk4ijBn-r_N-jbLljKWx17rCU9wk8_DeaaHXyUnH-ae0RNZ61iZ4BteT7WVnG4exNP1EZdjW2CwpaAur2yEnXmKTRD0f/s320/negro-enso-zen-c%C3%ADrculo-con-peces-rojos-y-vectores-eps_csp29890139.webp" width="308" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Fd6op91al7zYqZ_Yl1zKx1caCuztTEJSSPv6gdoxsZR6wQQYJkpdDWfGg5CcNsdrpUwNa8_Oxsa-4wD6Cn2zktFcM9iU_N4jgYquzIcHKfgkBKM0Wqr7FrKSWwaFHL7vM7Ix_Fab71SaJuEY3askO4Y1i7KZR-6VIplITgfwSu4R2QF36DhKwfxh8wRa/s800/perimetralC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="800" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Fd6op91al7zYqZ_Yl1zKx1caCuztTEJSSPv6gdoxsZR6wQQYJkpdDWfGg5CcNsdrpUwNa8_Oxsa-4wD6Cn2zktFcM9iU_N4jgYquzIcHKfgkBKM0Wqr7FrKSWwaFHL7vM7Ix_Fab71SaJuEY3askO4Y1i7KZR-6VIplITgfwSu4R2QF36DhKwfxh8wRa/s320/perimetralC.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEits_KBQCVdIpr59pwPtF0orKtl2oodWV3txYio-0Ph71ObV1pVBWcZMvDz9vFzRpVQElqe8rxasZ-nHpofxmKCyN1rjuxo-_czH1esAq95mocx-vxDRqsQe56LzVCbeEn2bME-FUf9iumjZhZSx8CtQBNKBlw9KO513cV8WH0y7i9yiorwY9-jKzQIQRdv/s1920/wallpaperbetter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEits_KBQCVdIpr59pwPtF0orKtl2oodWV3txYio-0Ph71ObV1pVBWcZMvDz9vFzRpVQElqe8rxasZ-nHpofxmKCyN1rjuxo-_czH1esAq95mocx-vxDRqsQe56LzVCbeEn2bME-FUf9iumjZhZSx8CtQBNKBlw9KO513cV8WH0y7i9yiorwY9-jKzQIQRdv/s320/wallpaperbetter.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
</div>
EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-43544247134301412792023-09-08T14:08:00.001-04:002023-09-08T14:08:21.307-04:00calculateAge<p> function calculateAge(fecha_nac) {</p><p> var birthday_arr = fecha_nac.split("-");</p><p> var birthday_date = new Date(birthday_arr[2], birthday_arr[1] - 1, birthday_arr[0]);</p><p> var ageDifMs = Date.now() - birthday_date.getTime();</p><p> var ageDate = new Date(ageDifMs);</p><p> return Math.abs(ageDate.getUTCFullYear() - 1970);</p><p>}</p><p><br /></p><p>var edad = calculateAge("14-03-1965");</p><p>console.log(edad);</p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-6222263129469600902023-04-06T18:03:00.001-04:002023-04-06T18:03:20.865-04:00Hey Hey My My Canción de La Renga<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Hey hey, my my</span></p><div class="ujudUb" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 12px;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">El rock'nroll no morirá jamás</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Hay más en el cuadro de lo que puedes ver</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Hey hey, my my</span></div><div class="ujudUb" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 12px;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">Fuera del azul y dentro de lo negro</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Pagaste por esto, pero te dan aquello</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Y una vez que te fuiste, no podrás regresar</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Fuera del azul y dentro de lo negro</span></div><div class="ujudUb" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 12px;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">El rey se ha muerto pero no se ha olvidado</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Esa es la historia del pobre rocker</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Es mejor consumirse que dormir oxidado</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">El rey se ha muerto pero no se ha olvidado</span></div><div class="ujudUb" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 12px;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">Hey hey, my my</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">El rock'nroll no morirá jamás</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Hay más en el cuadro de lo que puedes ver</span></div><div class="ujudUb WRZytc" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">Hey hey, my my</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">El rock'nroll no morirá jamás</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Hey hey, my my</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">El rock'nroll no morirá jamás</span></div>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-19475207428029379732023-03-31T15:02:00.003-04:002023-03-31T15:02:52.093-04:00paises JSON<p> paises = [</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Afghanistan",</p><p> population: "29121286",</p><p> capital: "Kabul",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Albania",</p><p> population: "2986952",</p><p> capital: "Tirana",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Algeria",</p><p> population: "34586184",</p><p> capital: "Algiers",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "American Samoa",</p><p> population: "57881",</p><p> capital: "Pago Pago",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Andorra",</p><p> population: "84000",</p><p> capital: "Andorra la Vella",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Angola",</p><p> population: "13068161",</p><p> capital: "Luanda",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Anguilla",</p><p> population: "13254",</p><p> capital: "The Valley",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Antigua and Barbuda",</p><p> population: "86754",</p><p> capital: "St. John's",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Argentina",</p><p> population: "41343201",</p><p> capital: "Buenos Aires",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Armenia",</p><p> population: "2968000",</p><p> capital: "Yerevan",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Aruba",</p><p> population: "71566",</p><p> capital: "Oranjestad",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Australia",</p><p> population: "21515754",</p><p> capital: "Canberra",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Austria",</p><p> population: "8205000",</p><p> capital: "Vienna",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Azerbaijan",</p><p> population: "8303512",</p><p> capital: "Baku",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Bahamas",</p><p> population: "301790",</p><p> capital: "Nassau",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Bahrain",</p><p> population: "738004",</p><p> capital: "Manama",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Bangladesh",</p><p> population: "156118464",</p><p> capital: "Dhaka",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Barbados",</p><p> population: "285653",</p><p> capital: "Bridgetown",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Belarus",</p><p> population: "9685000",</p><p> capital: "Minsk",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Belgium",</p><p> population: "10403000",</p><p> capital: "Brussels",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Belize",</p><p> population: "314522",</p><p> capital: "Belmopan",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Benin",</p><p> population: "9056010",</p><p> capital: "Porto-Novo",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Bermuda",</p><p> population: "65365",</p><p> capital: "Hamilton",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Bhutan",</p><p> population: "699847",</p><p> capital: "Thimphu",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Bolivia",</p><p> population: "9947418",</p><p> capital: "Sucre",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Bonaire",</p><p> population: "18012",</p><p> capital: "Kralendijk",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Bosnia and Herzegovina",</p><p> population: "4590000",</p><p> capital: "Sarajevo",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Botswana",</p><p> population: "2029307",</p><p> capital: "Gaborone",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Brazil",</p><p> population: "201103330",</p><p> capital: "Brasília",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "British Indian Ocean Territory",</p><p> population: "4000",</p><p> capital: "",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "British Virgin Islands",</p><p> population: "21730",</p><p> capital: "Road Town",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Brunei",</p><p> population: "395027",</p><p> capital: "Bandar Seri Begawan",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Bulgaria",</p><p> population: "7148785",</p><p> capital: "Sofia",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Burkina Faso",</p><p> population: "16241811",</p><p> capital: "Ouagadougou",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Burundi",</p><p> population: "9863117",</p><p> capital: "Bujumbura",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Cambodia",</p><p> population: "14453680",</p><p> capital: "Phnom Penh",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Cameroon",</p><p> population: "19294149",</p><p> capital: "Yaoundé",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Canada",</p><p> population: "33679000",</p><p> capital: "Ottawa",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Cape Verde",</p><p> population: "508659",</p><p> capital: "Praia",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Cayman Islands",</p><p> population: "44270",</p><p> capital: "George Town",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Central African Republic",</p><p> population: "4844927",</p><p> capital: "Bangui",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Chad",</p><p> population: "10543464",</p><p> capital: "N'Djamena",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Chile",</p><p> population: "16746491",</p><p> capital: "Santiago",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "China",</p><p> population: "1330044000",</p><p> capital: "Beijing",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Christmas Island",</p><p> population: "1500",</p><p> capital: "Flying Fish Cove",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Cocos [Keeling] Islands",</p><p> population: "628",</p><p> capital: "West Island",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Colombia",</p><p> population: "47790000",</p><p> capital: "Bogotá",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Comoros",</p><p> population: "773407",</p><p> capital: "Moroni",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Cook Islands",</p><p> population: "21388",</p><p> capital: "Avarua",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Costa Rica",</p><p> population: "4516220",</p><p> capital: "San José",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Croatia",</p><p> population: "4284889",</p><p> capital: "Zagreb",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Cuba",</p><p> population: "11423000",</p><p> capital: "Havana",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Curacao",</p><p> population: "141766",</p><p> capital: "Willemstad",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Cyprus",</p><p> population: "1102677",</p><p> capital: "Nicosia",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Czechia",</p><p> population: "10476000",</p><p> capital: "Prague",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Democratic Republic of the Congo",</p><p> population: "70916439",</p><p> capital: "Kinshasa",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Denmark",</p><p> population: "5484000",</p><p> capital: "Copenhagen",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Djibouti",</p><p> population: "740528",</p><p> capital: "Djibouti",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Dominica",</p><p> population: "72813",</p><p> capital: "Roseau",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Dominican Republic",</p><p> population: "9823821",</p><p> capital: "Santo Domingo",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "East Timor",</p><p> population: "1154625",</p><p> capital: "Dili",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Ecuador",</p><p> population: "14790608",</p><p> capital: "Quito",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Egypt",</p><p> population: "80471869",</p><p> capital: "Cairo",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "El Salvador",</p><p> population: "6052064",</p><p> capital: "San Salvador",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Equatorial Guinea",</p><p> population: "1014999",</p><p> capital: "Malabo",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Eritrea",</p><p> population: "5792984",</p><p> capital: "Asmara",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Estonia",</p><p> population: "1291170",</p><p> capital: "Tallinn",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Ethiopia",</p><p> population: "88013491",</p><p> capital: "Addis Ababa",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Falkland Islands",</p><p> population: "2638",</p><p> capital: "Stanley",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Faroe Islands",</p><p> population: "48228",</p><p> capital: "Tórshavn",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Fiji",</p><p> population: "875983",</p><p> capital: "Suva",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Finland",</p><p> population: "5244000",</p><p> capital: "Helsinki",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "France",</p><p> population: "64768389",</p><p> capital: "Paris",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "French Guiana",</p><p> population: "195506",</p><p> capital: "Cayenne",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "French Polynesia",</p><p> population: "270485",</p><p> capital: "Papeete",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Gabon",</p><p> population: "1545255",</p><p> capital: "Libreville",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Gambia",</p><p> population: "1593256",</p><p> capital: "Bathurst",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Georgia",</p><p> population: "4630000",</p><p> capital: "Tbilisi",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Germany",</p><p> population: "81802257",</p><p> capital: "Berlin",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Ghana",</p><p> population: "24339838",</p><p> capital: "Accra",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Gibraltar",</p><p> population: "27884",</p><p> capital: "Gibraltar",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Greece",</p><p> population: "11000000",</p><p> capital: "Athens",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Greenland",</p><p> population: "56375",</p><p> capital: "Nuuk",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Grenada",</p><p> population: "107818",</p><p> capital: "St. George's",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Guadeloupe",</p><p> population: "443000",</p><p> capital: "Basse-Terre",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Guam",</p><p> population: "159358",</p><p> capital: "Hagåtña",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Guatemala",</p><p> population: "13550440",</p><p> capital: "Guatemala City",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Guernsey",</p><p> population: "65228",</p><p> capital: "St Peter Port",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Guinea",</p><p> population: "10324025",</p><p> capital: "Conakry",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Guinea-Bissau",</p><p> population: "1565126",</p><p> capital: "Bissau",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Guyana",</p><p> population: "748486",</p><p> capital: "Georgetown",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Haiti",</p><p> population: "9648924",</p><p> capital: "Port-au-Prince",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Honduras",</p><p> population: "7989415",</p><p> capital: "Tegucigalpa",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Hong Kong",</p><p> population: "6898686",</p><p> capital: "Hong Kong",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Hungary",</p><p> population: "9982000",</p><p> capital: "Budapest",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Iceland",</p><p> population: "308910",</p><p> capital: "Reykjavik",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "India",</p><p> population: "1173108018",</p><p> capital: "New Delhi",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Indonesia",</p><p> population: "242968342",</p><p> capital: "Jakarta",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Iran",</p><p> population: "76923300",</p><p> capital: "Tehran",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Iraq",</p><p> population: "29671605",</p><p> capital: "Baghdad",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Ireland",</p><p> population: "4622917",</p><p> capital: "Dublin",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Isle of Man",</p><p> population: "75049",</p><p> capital: "Douglas",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Israel",</p><p> population: "7353985",</p><p> capital: "",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Italy",</p><p> population: "60340328",</p><p> capital: "Rome",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Ivory Coast",</p><p> population: "21058798",</p><p> capital: "Yamoussoukro",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Jamaica",</p><p> population: "2847232",</p><p> capital: "Kingston",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Japan",</p><p> population: "127288000",</p><p> capital: "Tokyo",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Jersey",</p><p> population: "90812",</p><p> capital: "Saint Helier",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Jordan",</p><p> population: "6407085",</p><p> capital: "Amman",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Kazakhstan",</p><p> population: "15340000",</p><p> capital: "Astana",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Kenya",</p><p> population: "40046566",</p><p> capital: "Nairobi",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Kiribati",</p><p> population: "92533",</p><p> capital: "Tarawa",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Kosovo",</p><p> population: "1800000",</p><p> capital: "Pristina",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Kuwait",</p><p> population: "2789132",</p><p> capital: "Kuwait City",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Kyrgyzstan",</p><p> population: "5776500",</p><p> capital: "Bishkek",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Laos",</p><p> population: "6368162",</p><p> capital: "Vientiane",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Latvia",</p><p> population: "2217969",</p><p> capital: "Riga",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Lebanon",</p><p> population: "4125247",</p><p> capital: "Beirut",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Lesotho",</p><p> population: "1919552",</p><p> capital: "Maseru",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Liberia",</p><p> population: "3685076",</p><p> capital: "Monrovia",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Libya",</p><p> population: "6461454",</p><p> capital: "Tripoli",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Liechtenstein",</p><p> population: "35000",</p><p> capital: "Vaduz",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Lithuania",</p><p> population: "2944459",</p><p> capital: "Vilnius",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Luxembourg",</p><p> population: "497538",</p><p> capital: "Luxembourg",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Macao",</p><p> population: "449198",</p><p> capital: "Macao",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Macedonia",</p><p> population: "2062294",</p><p> capital: "Skopje",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Madagascar",</p><p> population: "21281844",</p><p> capital: "Antananarivo",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Malawi",</p><p> population: "15447500",</p><p> capital: "Lilongwe",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Malaysia",</p><p> population: "28274729",</p><p> capital: "Kuala Lumpur",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Maldives",</p><p> population: "395650",</p><p> capital: "Malé",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Mali",</p><p> population: "13796354",</p><p> capital: "Bamako",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Malta",</p><p> population: "403000",</p><p> capital: "Valletta",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Marshall Islands",</p><p> population: "65859",</p><p> capital: "Majuro",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Martinique",</p><p> population: "432900",</p><p> capital: "Fort-de-France",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Mauritania",</p><p> population: "3205060",</p><p> capital: "Nouakchott",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Mauritius",</p><p> population: "1294104",</p><p> capital: "Port Louis",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Mayotte",</p><p> population: "159042",</p><p> capital: "Mamoudzou",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Mexico",</p><p> population: "112468855",</p><p> capital: "Mexico City",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Micronesia",</p><p> population: "107708",</p><p> capital: "Palikir",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Moldova",</p><p> population: "4324000",</p><p> capital: "Chişinău",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Monaco",</p><p> population: "32965",</p><p> capital: "Monaco",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Mongolia",</p><p> population: "3086918",</p><p> capital: "Ulan Bator",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Montenegro",</p><p> population: "666730",</p><p> capital: "Podgorica",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Montserrat",</p><p> population: "9341",</p><p> capital: "Plymouth",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Morocco",</p><p> population: "33848242",</p><p> capital: "Rabat",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Mozambique",</p><p> population: "22061451",</p><p> capital: "Maputo",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Myanmar [Burma]",</p><p> population: "53414374",</p><p> capital: "Naypyitaw",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Namibia",</p><p> population: "2128471",</p><p> capital: "Windhoek",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Nauru",</p><p> population: "10065",</p><p> capital: "Yaren",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Nepal",</p><p> population: "28951852",</p><p> capital: "Kathmandu",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Netherlands",</p><p> population: "16645000",</p><p> capital: "Amsterdam",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "New Caledonia",</p><p> population: "216494",</p><p> capital: "Noumea",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "New Zealand",</p><p> population: "4252277",</p><p> capital: "Wellington",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Nicaragua",</p><p> population: "5995928",</p><p> capital: "Managua",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Niger",</p><p> population: "15878271",</p><p> capital: "Niamey",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Nigeria",</p><p> population: "154000000",</p><p> capital: "Abuja",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Niue",</p><p> population: "2166",</p><p> capital: "Alofi",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Norfolk Island",</p><p> population: "1828",</p><p> capital: "Kingston",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "North Korea",</p><p> population: "22912177",</p><p> capital: "Pyongyang",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Northern Mariana Islands",</p><p> population: "53883",</p><p> capital: "Saipan",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Norway",</p><p> population: "5009150",</p><p> capital: "Oslo",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Oman",</p><p> population: "2967717",</p><p> capital: "Muscat",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Pakistan",</p><p> population: "184404791",</p><p> capital: "Islamabad",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Palau",</p><p> population: "19907",</p><p> capital: "Melekeok",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Palestine",</p><p> population: "3800000",</p><p> capital: "",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Panama",</p><p> population: "3410676",</p><p> capital: "Panama City",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Papua New Guinea",</p><p> population: "6064515",</p><p> capital: "Port Moresby",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Paraguay",</p><p> population: "6375830",</p><p> capital: "Asunción",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Peru",</p><p> population: "29907003",</p><p> capital: "Lima",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Philippines",</p><p> population: "99900177",</p><p> capital: "Manila",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Pitcairn Islands",</p><p> population: "46",</p><p> capital: "Adamstown",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Poland",</p><p> population: "38500000",</p><p> capital: "Warsaw",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Portugal",</p><p> population: "10676000",</p><p> capital: "Lisbon",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Puerto Rico",</p><p> population: "3916632",</p><p> capital: "San Juan",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Qatar",</p><p> population: "840926",</p><p> capital: "Doha",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Republic of the Congo",</p><p> population: "3039126",</p><p> capital: "Brazzaville",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Romania",</p><p> population: "21959278",</p><p> capital: "Bucharest",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Russia",</p><p> population: "140702000",</p><p> capital: "Moscow",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Rwanda",</p><p> population: "11055976",</p><p> capital: "Kigali",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Réunion",</p><p> population: "776948",</p><p> capital: "Saint-Denis",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Saint Barthélemy",</p><p> population: "8450",</p><p> capital: "Gustavia",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Saint Helena",</p><p> population: "7460",</p><p> capital: "Jamestown",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Saint Kitts and Nevis",</p><p> population: "51134",</p><p> capital: "Basseterre",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Saint Lucia",</p><p> population: "160922",</p><p> capital: "Castries",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Saint Martin",</p><p> population: "35925",</p><p> capital: "Marigot",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Saint Pierre and Miquelon",</p><p> population: "7012",</p><p> capital: "Saint-Pierre",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",</p><p> population: "104217",</p><p> capital: "Kingstown",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Samoa",</p><p> population: "192001",</p><p> capital: "Apia",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "San Marino",</p><p> population: "31477",</p><p> capital: "San Marino",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Saudi Arabia",</p><p> population: "25731776",</p><p> capital: "Riyadh",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Senegal",</p><p> population: "12323252",</p><p> capital: "Dakar",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Serbia",</p><p> population: "7344847",</p><p> capital: "Belgrade",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Seychelles",</p><p> population: "88340",</p><p> capital: "Victoria",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Sierra Leone",</p><p> population: "5245695",</p><p> capital: "Freetown",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Singapore",</p><p> population: "4701069",</p><p> capital: "Singapore",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Sint Maarten",</p><p> population: "37429",</p><p> capital: "Philipsburg",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Slovakia",</p><p> population: "5455000",</p><p> capital: "Bratislava",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Slovenia",</p><p> population: "2007000",</p><p> capital: "Ljubljana",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Solomon Islands",</p><p> population: "559198",</p><p> capital: "Honiara",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Somalia",</p><p> population: "10112453",</p><p> capital: "Mogadishu",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "South Africa",</p><p> population: "49000000",</p><p> capital: "Pretoria",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "South Korea",</p><p> population: "48422644",</p><p> capital: "Seoul",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "South Sudan",</p><p> population: "8260490",</p><p> capital: "Juba",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Spain",</p><p> population: "46505963",</p><p> capital: "Madrid",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Sri Lanka",</p><p> population: "21513990",</p><p> capital: "Colombo",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Sudan",</p><p> population: "35000000",</p><p> capital: "Khartoum",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Suriname",</p><p> population: "492829",</p><p> capital: "Paramaribo",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Svalbard and Jan Mayen",</p><p> population: "2550",</p><p> capital: "Longyearbyen",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Swaziland",</p><p> population: "1354051",</p><p> capital: "Mbabane",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Sweden",</p><p> population: "9828655",</p><p> capital: "Stockholm",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Switzerland",</p><p> population: "7581000",</p><p> capital: "Bern",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Syria",</p><p> population: "22198110",</p><p> capital: "Damascus",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "São Tomé and Príncipe",</p><p> population: "175808",</p><p> capital: "São Tomé",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Taiwan",</p><p> population: "22894384",</p><p> capital: "Taipei",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Tajikistan",</p><p> population: "7487489",</p><p> capital: "Dushanbe",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Tanzania",</p><p> population: "41892895",</p><p> capital: "Dodoma",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Thailand",</p><p> population: "67089500",</p><p> capital: "Bangkok",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Togo",</p><p> population: "6587239",</p><p> capital: "Lomé",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Tokelau",</p><p> population: "1466",</p><p> capital: "",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Tonga",</p><p> population: "122580",</p><p> capital: "Nuku'alofa",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Trinidad and Tobago",</p><p> population: "1328019",</p><p> capital: "Port of Spain",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Tunisia",</p><p> population: "10589025",</p><p> capital: "Tunis",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Turkey",</p><p> population: "77804122",</p><p> capital: "Ankara",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Turkmenistan",</p><p> population: "4940916",</p><p> capital: "Ashgabat",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Turks and Caicos Islands",</p><p> population: "20556",</p><p> capital: "Cockburn Town",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Tuvalu",</p><p> population: "10472",</p><p> capital: "Funafuti",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "U.S. Minor Outlying Islands",</p><p> population: "0",</p><p> capital: "",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "U.S. Virgin Islands",</p><p> population: "108708",</p><p> capital: "Charlotte Amalie",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Uganda",</p><p> population: "33398682",</p><p> capital: "Kampala",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Ukraine",</p><p> population: "45415596",</p><p> capital: "Kiev",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "United Arab Emirates",</p><p> population: "4975593",</p><p> capital: "Abu Dhabi",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "United Kingdom",</p><p> population: "62348447",</p><p> capital: "London",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "United States",</p><p> population: "310232863",</p><p> capital: "Washington",</p><p> continentName: "North America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Uruguay",</p><p> population: "3477000",</p><p> capital: "Montevideo",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Uzbekistan",</p><p> population: "27865738",</p><p> capital: "Tashkent",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Vanuatu",</p><p> population: "221552",</p><p> capital: "Port Vila",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Vatican City",</p><p> population: "921",</p><p> capital: "Vatican City",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Venezuela",</p><p> population: "27223228",</p><p> capital: "Caracas",</p><p> continentName: "South America"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Vietnam",</p><p> population: "89571130",</p><p> capital: "Hanoi",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Wallis and Futuna",</p><p> population: "16025",</p><p> capital: "Mata-Utu",</p><p> continentName: "Oceania"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Western Sahara",</p><p> population: "273008",</p><p> capital: "Laâyoune / El Aaiún",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Yemen",</p><p> population: "23495361",</p><p> capital: "Sanaa",</p><p> continentName: "Asia"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Zambia",</p><p> population: "13460305",</p><p> capital: "Lusaka",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Zimbabwe",</p><p> population: "13061000",</p><p> capital: "Harare",</p><p> continentName: "Africa"</p><p> },</p><p> {</p><p> countryName: "Åland",</p><p> population: "26711",</p><p> capital: "Mariehamn",</p><p> continentName: "Europe"</p><p> }</p><p>];</p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-56748722975458156382023-03-24T15:48:00.004-04:002023-03-24T15:48:39.683-04:00Lo frágil de la locura<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">La sangre inquietaba en mis venas</span></p><div class="ujudUb" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 12px;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">Y aquel verano al norte partí</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Para olvidarme de mi rutina</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Y sentirme liberado al fin</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Ver la tierra bañada de sol,</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Respirar aire en las alturas,</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Llenar el cuenco de mis ojos,</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Con lo más frágil de la locura</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Pero también la realidad mostró</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Otro reflejo en ella</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Cuando me habló un hermano al que también,</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Me llevó la huella</span></div><div class="ujudUb" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 12px;"><b><span jsname="YS01Ge">Ya que vas a escribir, dijo,</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Cuenta de mi pueblo,</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Pobreza y dolor sólo trajo el progreso,</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">La cultura de la traición y los indios en los museos</span></b></div><div class="ujudUb" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 12px;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">Me invitó a mascar de su hierba</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Y a morder de la pura verdad</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Me preguntó de que se ocupaban allá</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">En la capital</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Y yo sólo tuve palabras para definir la injusticia</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Y que sólo aspiraban al fruto de la propia codicia</span></div><div class="ujudUb" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 12px;"><b><span jsname="YS01Ge">Al fin vi la tierra bañada de sol,</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Respiré aire de las alturas</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Y llené el cuenco de mis ojos,</span><br aria-hidden="true" /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Con lo más frágil de la locura</span></b></div><div class="ujudUb WRZytc" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">Ya que vas</span></div><div class="ujudUb WRZytc" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span jsname="YS01Ge"><br /></span></div><div class="ujudUb WRZytc" jsname="U8S5sf" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">LA RENGA</span></div>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-76034251855680077982023-03-01T10:18:00.001-04:002023-03-01T10:18:14.385-04:00Manejo de errores PHP<p> </p><h2 class="title">Manejo de errores</h2><p class="para">Las aplicaciones que usan PECL/mysqlnd_ms deberían implementar el manejo de errores apropiado para todas las llamadas a la API del usuario. Ya que el complemento cambia la semántica de un gestor de conexión, las llamadas a la API pueden devolver errores inesperados. Si se usa el complemento sobre un gestor de conexión que ya no represeta una conexión de red individual, sino una agrupación de conexiones, se establecerá un código de error y un mensaje de error en el gestor de conexión siempre que ocurra un error en cualquier conexión de red subyacente.</p><p class="para">Si se usan conexiones retardadas, que es lo predeterminado, las conexiones no son abiertas hasta que sean necesarias para ejecutar consultas. Por lo tanto, una llamada a la API para la ejecución de una senetencia puede devolver un error de conexion. En el ejemplo de abajo, se provoca un error al intentar ejecutar una sentencia en un esclavo. La apertura de la conexión esclava fallará debido a que el fichero de configuración del complemento incluye un nombre de anfitrión no válido para el esclavo.</p><p class="para"></p><div class="example" id="example-1845"><p><strong>Ejemplo #1 Provocar un error de conexión</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><div class="inicode"><pre class="inicode">{
"myapp": {
"master": {
"master_0": {
"host": "localhost",
"socket": "\/tmp\/mysql.sock"
}
},
"slave": {
"slave_0": {
"host": "nombre_host_inváido",
}
},
"lazy_connections": 1
}
}</pre></div></div></div><p></p><p class="para">La activación explícita de conexiones retardadas sólo es con propósito de demostración.</p><p class="para"></p><div class="example" id="example-1846"><p><strong>Ejemplo #2 Error de conexión en la ejecución de una consulta</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #0000bb;"><?php<br />$mysqli </span><span style="color: #007700;">= new </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"myapp"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"nombre_usuario"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"contraseña"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"base_datos"</span><span style="color: #007700;">);<br />if (</span><span style="color: #0000bb;">mysqli_connect_errno</span><span style="color: #007700;">())<br /> </span><span style="color: #ff8000;">/* Por supuesto, su manejo de errores es más agradable... */<br /> </span><span style="color: #007700;">die(</span><span style="color: #0000bb;">sprintf</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"[%d] %s\n"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">mysqli_connect_errno</span><span style="color: #007700;">(), </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">mysqli_connect_error</span><span style="color: #007700;">()));<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #ff8000;">/* Conexión 1, la conexión vincula una variable SQL de usuario, no se ejecuta ningún SELECT en el maestro */<br /></span><span style="color: #007700;">if (!</span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">query</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"SET @myrole='master'"</span><span style="color: #007700;">)) {<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">printf</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"[%d] %s\n"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">errno</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">error</span><span style="color: #007700;">);<br />}<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #ff8000;">/* Conexión 2, se ejecuta en el esclavo a causa de SELECT, provoca un error de conexión */<br /></span><span style="color: #007700;">if (!(</span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$resultado </span><span style="color: #007700;">= </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">query</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"SELECT @myrole AS _role"</span><span style="color: #007700;">))) {<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">printf</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"[%d] %s\n"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">errno</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">error</span><span style="color: #007700;">);<br />} else {<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$fila </span><span style="color: #007700;">= </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$resultado</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">fetch_assoc</span><span style="color: #007700;">();<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$resultado</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">close</span><span style="color: #007700;">();<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">printf</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"@myrole = '%s'\n"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$fila</span><span style="color: #007700;">[</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">'_role'</span><span style="color: #007700;">]);<br />}<br /></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">close</span><span style="color: #007700;">();<br /></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">?></span></code></div></div><div class="example-contents"><p>El resultado del ejemplo sería algo similar a:</p></div><div class="example-contents screen"><div class="cdata"><pre>PHP Warning: mysqli::query(): php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: Name or service not known in %s on line %d
PHP Warning: mysqli::query(): [2002] php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: Name or service not known (trying to connect via tcp://invalid_host_name:3306) in %s on line %d
[2002] php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: Name or service not known
</pre></div></div></div><p></p><p class="para">Se espera que la aplicaciones manejen los posibles errores de conexión mediante la implementación del manejo de errores apropiado.</p><p class="para">Dependiendo del caso en uso, las aplicaciones pueden optar por manejar errores de conexión de forma diferente a otros errores. Los errores de conexión típicos son <em>2002 (CR_CONNECTION_ERROR) - Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket '%s' (%d)</em>, <em>2003 (CR_CONN_HOST_ERROR) - Can't connect to MySQL server on '%s' (%d)</em> y <em>2005 (CR_UNKNOWN_HOST) - Unknown MySQL server host '%s' (%d)</em>. Por ejemplo, la aplicación podría comprobar los códigos de error y realizar una tolerancia a fallos manual. La filosofía del complemento no ofrece la tolerancia a fallos automática, más allá de la tolerancia a fallos del maestro, ya que no es una operación transaparente.</p><p class="para"></p><div class="example" id="example-1847"><p><strong>Ejemplo #3 Provocar un error de conexión</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><div class="inicode"><pre class="inicode">{
"myapp": {
"master": {
"master_0": {
"host": "localhost"
}
},
"slave": {
"slave_0": {
"host": "invalid_host_name"
},
"slave_1": {
"host": "192.168.78.136"
}
},
"lazy_connections": 1,
"filters": {
"roundrobin": [
]
}
}
}</pre></div></div></div><p></p><p class="para">La activación explícita de conexiones retardadas sólo es con propósito de demostración, ya que el equilibrado de carga es de rotación en oposición al tipo predeterminado <em>aleatorio una vez</em>.</p><p class="para"></p><div class="example" id="example-1848"><p><strong>Ejemplo #4 Tolerancia a fallos más básica</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #0000bb;"><?php<br />$mysqli </span><span style="color: #007700;">= new </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"myapp"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"nombre_usuario"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"contraseña"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"base_datos"</span><span style="color: #007700;">);<br />if (</span><span style="color: #0000bb;">mysqli_connect_errno</span><span style="color: #007700;">())<br /> </span><span style="color: #ff8000;">/* Por supuesto, su manejo de errores es más agradable... */<br /> </span><span style="color: #007700;">die(</span><span style="color: #0000bb;">sprintf</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"[%d] %s\n"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">mysqli_connect_errno</span><span style="color: #007700;">(), </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">mysqli_connect_error</span><span style="color: #007700;">()));<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #ff8000;">/* Conexión 1, la conexión vincula una variable SQL de usuario, no se ejecuta ningún SELECT en el maestro */<br /></span><span style="color: #007700;">if (!</span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">query</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"SET @myrole='master'"</span><span style="color: #007700;">)) {<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">printf</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"[%d] %s\n"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">errno</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">error</span><span style="color: #007700;">);<br />}<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #ff8000;">/* Conexión 2, primer esclavo */<br /></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$resultado </span><span style="color: #007700;">= </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">query</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"SELECT VERSION() AS _version"</span><span style="color: #007700;">);<br /></span><span style="color: #ff8000;">/* Tolerancia a fallos manual */<br /></span><span style="color: #007700;">if (</span><span style="color: #0000bb;">2002 </span><span style="color: #007700;">== </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">errno </span><span style="color: #007700;">|| </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">2003 </span><span style="color: #007700;">== </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">errno </span><span style="color: #007700;">|| </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">2004 </span><span style="color: #007700;">== </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">errno</span><span style="color: #007700;">) {<br /> </span><span style="color: #ff8000;">/* Conexión 3, falló la conexión al primer esclavo, se intenta con el siguiente */<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$resultado </span><span style="color: #007700;">= </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">query</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"SELECT VERSION() AS _version"</span><span style="color: #007700;">);<br />}<br /><br />if (!</span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$resultado</span><span style="color: #007700;">) {<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">printf</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"ERROR, [%d] '%s'\n"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">errno</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">error</span><span style="color: #007700;">);<br />} else {<br /> </span><span style="color: #ff8000;">/* Los mensajes de error se toman de la conexión 3, por lo que no hay errores */<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">printf</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"SUCCESS, [%d] '%s'\n"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">errno</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">error</span><span style="color: #007700;">);<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$fila </span><span style="color: #007700;">= </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$resultado</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">fetch_assoc</span><span style="color: #007700;">();<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$resultado</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">close</span><span style="color: #007700;">();<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">printf</span><span style="color: #007700;">(</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">"version = %s\n"</span><span style="color: #007700;">, </span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$fila</span><span style="color: #007700;">[</span><span style="color: #dd0000;">'_version'</span><span style="color: #007700;">]);<br />}<br /></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">$mysqli</span><span style="color: #007700;">-></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">close</span><span style="color: #007700;">();<br /></span><span style="color: #0000bb;">?></span></code></div></div><div class="example-contents"><p>El resultado del ejemplo sería algo similar a:</p></div><div class="example-contents screen"><div class="cdata"><pre>[1045] Access denied for user 'nombre_usuario'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
PHP Warning: mysqli::query(): php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: Name or service not known in %s on line %d
PHP Warning: mysqli::query(): [2002] php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: Name or service not known (trying to connect via tcp://invalid_host_name:3306) in %s on line %d
SUCCESS, [0] ''
version = 5.6.2-m5-log
</pre></div></div></div><p></p><p class="para">En algunos casos, puede no ser posible la recuperación de forma sencilla de todos los errores que ocurran en todas las conexiones de red a través de un gestor de conexión. Por ejemplo, se asume que un gestor de conexión representa una agrupación de tres conexiones abiertas. Una conexión a un maestro y dos conexiones a los esclavos. La aplicación cambia la base de datos actual usando la llamada a la API de usuario <span class="function"><a class="function" href="https://manuales.guebs.com/php/mysqli.select-db.html">mysqli_select_db()</a></span>, la cual luego llama a la función de la biblioteca mysqlnd para cambiar el esquema. mysqlnd_ms monitoriza la función e intenta cambiar la base de datos ctual en todas las conexiones para armonizar sus estados. Ahora, se asume que el maestro tiene éxito al cambiar la base de datos, y ambos esclavos fallan. Durante el error inicial del primer esclavo, el complemento establecerá un error apropiado sobre en el gestor de conexión. Y lo mismo se hace cuando falla el segundo esclavo al cambiar la base de datos. El mensaje de error del primer esclavo se pierde.</p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-67211100932451143352023-02-09T15:57:00.002-04:002023-02-10T08:34:42.181-04:00ANGULAR actualizar<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_dKOryI-h0tPDwNu0MuS-NwQj72HujqeSdW1_eyON3gMzOu4QCXRXglSsuH5Ejz1UEK6pdKbBxAb_qXGsDsbb_fIkhRKpROtvc6gqnBhboBp6ejFLo8Y8wLd6r9_-3qNBTcvS17jmu2vmdnKM31pLsH7Xy3CXHlzMHp7fy3LD87BhQsffSycVVlgwWQ/s660/io-angular.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="660" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_dKOryI-h0tPDwNu0MuS-NwQj72HujqeSdW1_eyON3gMzOu4QCXRXglSsuH5Ejz1UEK6pdKbBxAb_qXGsDsbb_fIkhRKpROtvc6gqnBhboBp6ejFLo8Y8wLd6r9_-3qNBTcvS17jmu2vmdnKM31pLsH7Xy3CXHlzMHp7fy3LD87BhQsffSycVVlgwWQ/s320/io-angular.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>ng update @angular/cli@nroVersio @angular/core@nroVersio --allow-dirty --force</p><p>ng update @angular/cdk@nroVersio @angular/material@nroVersio --allow-dirty --force</p><p>npm install -g typescript@latest</p><p>ng add @angular/material</p><p>ng generate @angular/material:mdc-migration</p><p>npm i --force</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://update.angular.io/?l=3&v=11.0-16.0">https://update.angular.io/?l=3&v=11.0-16.0</a></p><p><a href="https://dev.to/arielmirra/como-actualizar-angular-cli-de-forma-rapida-y-eficiente-3kb9">https://dev.to/arielmirra/como-actualizar-angular-cli-de-forma-rapida-y-eficiente-3kb9</a></p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-66689432625523558882023-02-03T16:15:00.000-04:002023-02-03T16:15:05.107-04:00READ ONLY transactions in MariaDB and MySQL<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">Transactions are the least known RDBMS features. Everyone knows they exist, but few know how they work. For this reason, it is not obvious that they can be read only. This article explains what read only transactions are and why we should use them when appropriate.</span></p><div class="lwptoc lwptoc-center lwptoc-autoWidth lwptoc-baseItems lwptoc-light lwptoc-notInherit" data-lwptoc-initialized="1" data-smooth-scroll-offset="24" data-smooth-scroll="1" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 32px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="lwptoc_i" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: inline-block; margin: 0px auto; outline: 0px; padding: 14px 18px 18px; text-align: left; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="lwptoc_header" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 6px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><b class="lwptoc_title" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Contents</b> <span class="lwptoc_toggle" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14.4px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"> <a class="lwptoc_toggle_label" data-label="show" href="https://vettabase.com/read-only-transactions-in-mariadb-and-mysql/#" style="background: transparent; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3175e4; font-size: 14.4px; margin: 0px 1px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">hide</a> </span></div><div class="lwptoc_items lwptoc_items-visible" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="lwptoc_itemWrap" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="lwptoc_item" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://vettabase.com/read-only-transactions-in-mariadb-and-mysql/#What_is_a_read_only_transaction" style="background: transparent; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3175e4; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="lwptoc_item_number" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span> <span class="lwptoc_item_label" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">What is a read only transaction?</span></a></div><div class="lwptoc_item" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://vettabase.com/read-only-transactions-in-mariadb-and-mysql/#Why_should_we_use_read_only_transactions" style="background: transparent; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3175e4; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="lwptoc_item_number" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> <span class="lwptoc_item_label" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Why should we use read only transactions?</span></a><div class="lwptoc_itemWrap" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 2px 0px 0px 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="lwptoc_item" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://vettabase.com/read-only-transactions-in-mariadb-and-mysql/#Results_consistency" style="background: transparent; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3175e4; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="lwptoc_item_number" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">2.1</span> <span class="lwptoc_item_label" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Results consistency</span></a></div><div class="lwptoc_item" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://vettabase.com/read-only-transactions-in-mariadb-and-mysql/#Finding_bugs" style="background: transparent; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3175e4; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="lwptoc_item_number" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">2.2</span> <span class="lwptoc_item_label" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Finding bugs</span></a></div></div></div><div class="lwptoc_item" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://vettabase.com/read-only-transactions-in-mariadb-and-mysql/#Isolation_levels" style="background: transparent; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3175e4; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="lwptoc_item_number" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span> <span class="lwptoc_item_label" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolation levels</span></a></div><div class="lwptoc_item" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://vettabase.com/read-only-transactions-in-mariadb-and-mysql/#MetaData_Lock_and_the_rollback_trick" style="background: transparent; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3175e4; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="lwptoc_item_number" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span> <span class="lwptoc_item_label" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">MetaData Lock and the rollback trick</span></a><div class="lwptoc_itemWrap" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 2px 0px 0px 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="lwptoc_item" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://vettabase.com/read-only-transactions-in-mariadb-and-mysql/#mysqldump_rolls_back" style="background: transparent; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3175e4; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="lwptoc_item_number" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">4.1</span> <span class="lwptoc_item_label" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">mysqldump rolls back</span></a></div></div></div><div class="lwptoc_item" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://vettabase.com/read-only-transactions-in-mariadb-and-mysql/#Conclusions" style="background: transparent; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3175e4; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="lwptoc_item_number" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span> <span class="lwptoc_item_label" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Conclusions</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="What_is_a_read_only_transaction" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">What is a read only transaction?</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">An objection I’ve heard more than once is: transactions are for writes, <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">SELECT</code>s don’t even happen inside a transaction! But this is wrong. Transactions are not only about <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">ROLLBACK</code> and <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">COMMIT</code>. They are also about <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">isolation</em>.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">As a general rule, this is what happens. <span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">When you start a transaction we acquire a </span><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">view</span></em><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">, or </span><em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">snapshot</span></em><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">, on data</span>. Until the end of the transaction we will see that snapshot, <span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">not modifications made by other connections</span>.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Reads are generally non-locking</span>. After you’ve read a row, other users can still modify it, even if your transaction is still in progress. Internally, MySQL will keep the information that allow to “rebuild” data as they were when you acquired the snapshot, so you can still see them. This information is preserved in the <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">transaction logs</em>.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">To be clear, we actually always use transactions. By default, we run queries in <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">autocommit</code> mode, and we don’t start or end transactions explicitly. But even in this case, every SQL statement we run is a transaction.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">There is no such thing as reading <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">objective</em> data. <span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">We always read from (or write to) snapshots acquired at a certain point of time</span>, that include all the changes made by committed transactions.</p><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="Why_should_we_use_read_only_transactions" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Why should we use read only transactions?</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Ok, we know what read only transactions are now. But why should we use them?</p><h3 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="Results_consistency" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Results consistency</span></h3><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">One reason should be obvious now. When we want to run more than one <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">SELECT</code>, and we want the results to be consistent, we should do it in a read only transaction. For example, we could do something like this:</p><pre class="wp-block-code" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, monaco, monospace; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.8em 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SET @date := CURRENT_DATE();
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT user_id)
FROM product WHERE date = @date;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT product_id)
FROM product WHERE date = @date;</code></pre><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">If we want the two results to reflect the reality at a certain point in time, we need to do this in a transaction:</p><pre class="wp-block-code" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, monaco, monospace; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.8em 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SET @date := CURRENT_DATE();
START TRANSACTION READ ONLY;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT user_id)
FROM product WHERE date = @date;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT product_id)
FROM product WHERE date = @date;
COMMIT;</code></pre><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">The question implies something: why should we use a read only transaction, when we can use a regular read write transaction? If for some reason we try to write something, the statement will fail. So it’s simpler to just always use read write transactions.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">A reason for using read only transactions is mentioned in the MySQL manual:</p><blockquote class="wp-block-quote" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(80, 162, 220); border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(80, 162, 220); border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(80, 162, 220); border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1.75em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em; quotes: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">InnoDB</code> can avoid the overhead associated with setting up the <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/glossary.html#glos_transaction_id" rel="noopener" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #50a2dc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">transaction ID</a> (<code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">TRX_ID</code> field) for transactions that are known to be read-only. A transaction ID is only needed for a <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/glossary.html#glos_transaction" rel="noopener" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #50a2dc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">transaction</a> that might perform write operations or <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/glossary.html#glos_locking_read" rel="noopener" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #50a2dc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">locking reads</a> such as <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">SELECT ... FOR UPDATE</code>. Eliminating unnecessary transaction IDs reduces the size of internal data structures that are consulted each time a query or data change statement constructs a <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/glossary.html#glos_read_view" rel="noopener" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #50a2dc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">read view</a>.</p><cite style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: currentcolor; font-size: 0.8125em; font-style: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-performance-ro-txn.html" rel="noopener" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #50a2dc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">8.5.3 Optimizing InnoDB Read-Only Transactions</a> – 25 August 2019</cite></blockquote><h3 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="Finding_bugs" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Finding bugs</span></h3><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Another reason for using read only transactions is to avoid writes to the database that shouldn’t happened, that occur because of a bug. As mentioned before, trying to write rows in the middle of a read only transaction will produce an error:</p><pre class="wp-block-code" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, monaco, monospace; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.8em 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MariaDB [test]> START TRANSACTION READ ONLY;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [test]> INSERT INTO person (first_name, last_name, email) VALUES ('John', 'Doe', 'je.suis@example.com');
ERROR 1792 (25006): Cannot execute statement in a READ ONLY transaction</code></pre><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Remember to log your production database errors, and make sure that errors generate alerts or are somehow periodically reviewed. This particular error indicates an interesting bug in an application code.</p><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="Isolation_levels" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolation levels</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-transaction-isolation-levels.html" rel="noopener" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #50a2dc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolation level</a> is a setting that defines how much the current transaction is isolated from concurrent transactions. It can be changed at session level, before starting the next transaction. There is also a global setting, which takes effect for sessions that don’t change their isolation level. By default it is <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">REPEATABLE READ</code>.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Isolation levels are:</p><ul style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 23px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">READ UNCOMMITTED</code>;</li><li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">READ COMMITTED</code>;</li><li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">REPEATABLE READ</code>.</li></ul><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">(We’re skipping <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">SERIALIZABLE</code> here, as it’s just a variation of <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">REPEATABLE READ</code> and it does not make sense with read only transactions)</p><blockquote class="wp-block-quote" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(80, 162, 220); border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(80, 162, 220); border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(80, 162, 220); border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1.75em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em; quotes: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">This list is only valid for MySQL. Different DBMSs support different isolation levels.</p></blockquote><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">The behavior described above refers to <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">REPEATABLE READ</code>. To recap, it acquires a snapshot of the data, which is used for the whole duration of the transaction.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Another isolation level is <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">READ COMMITTED</code>. It acquires a new snapshot for each query in the transaction. But this does not make sense for a read only transaction.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">A usually underestimated isolation level is <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">READ UNCOMMITTED</code>. The reason why it is underestimated is that it reads data that are being written by other transactions, but are not yet committed – and possibly, will never be. For this reason, highly inconsistent data may be returned.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">However, this can be an important optimisation. In my experience, it can make some queries much faster and greatly reduce CPU usage, especially when you are running expensive analytics <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">SELECT</code>s on write-intensive servers.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">There are cases when results inconsistencies don’t matter. A typical example is running aggregations on many rows: an average on one million values will not change sensibly. Another example is when reading session-level data, that no one else is modifying; or old data, that no one is supposed to modify anymore.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">If you want to use <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">READ UNCOMMITTED</code>, there is no reason to wrap multiple queries in a single transaction. For each query, you can run something like this:</p><pre class="wp-block-code" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, monaco, monospace; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.8em 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED;
START TRANSACTION;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM product;
COMMIT;</code></pre><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="MetaData_Lock_and_the_rollback_trick" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">MetaData Lock and the rollback trick</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">When accessing a table using a non-transactional engine (like MyISAM) inside a transaction, MySQL will return a warning. They seem to assume that there is no reason to access such tables from a transaction, which is false. MariaDB doesn’t return such warning.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">In reality, transactions acquire <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/metadata-locking.html" rel="noopener" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #50a2dc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">metadata locks (MDL)</a>. This means that other connections will not be able to run an <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">ALTER TABLE</code> on those tables until the transaction finishes. Preventing such problems is very important and should be done every time it’s useful.</p><h3 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="mysqldump_rolls_back" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">mysqldump rolls back</span></h3><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">mysqldump --single-transaction</code> uses default read write transactions, not read only ones. My guess is that they don’t consider it important for a single long transaction, but only for many concurrent transactions.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">However, the MariaDB version of mysqldump does something interesting with rollbacks:</p><blockquote class="wp-block-quote" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(80, 162, 220); border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(80, 162, 220); border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(80, 162, 220); border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1.75em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em; quotes: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT in --single-transaction mode to release metadata lock on table which was already dumped. This allows to avoid blocking concurrent DDL on this table without sacrificing correctness, as we won't access table second time and dumps created by --single-transaction mode have validity point at the start of transaction anyway.</code></p><p style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Note that this doesn't make --single-transaction mode with concurrent DDL safe in general case. It just improves situation for people for whom it might be working.</code></p><cite style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: currentcolor; font-size: 0.8125em; font-style: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://github.com/MariaDB/server/blob/10.5/client/mysqldump.c" rel="noopener" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #50a2dc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">mysqldump in MariaDB repo</a>, taken from commit 624dd71b9419555eca8baadc695e3376de72286f</cite></blockquote><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">To recap:</p><ul style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 23px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">An MDL blocks some operations, so it can be a problem just like any other lock, especially in a long transaction;</li><li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">An MDL is only useful for data that we are going to access again, just like any other lock;</li><li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Transactions support <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">savepoints</em> in the middle of a transaction, and we can rollback to a savepoint instead of rolling the whole transaction back;</li><li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Doing so releases the MDLs on objects that were only accessed after the savepoint.</li></ul><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="Conclusions" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Conclusions</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Here we discussed a feature that should probably be used more often. Actually, if you know from the beginning that a transaction is read only, there is no reason not to inform MySQL about that.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 2em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">We discussed which isolation levels make sense for read only transactions, and the nice <code style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT</code> trick used by mysqldump for MariaDB.</p><div><br /></div>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-67054147858314613672022-11-13T09:49:00.001-04:002022-11-13T09:49:02.139-04:00Libros de Javascript gratuitos <div class="article-view-header" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; width: 840px;"><br /></div><div class="article-view-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: auto; margin-top: 10px; width: 840px;"><div class="article-view-body-text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-family: "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;"><a href="http://jsforcats.com/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #19bc9c; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">Javascript for cats</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Una gran introducción a JavaScript. Te muestra cómo escribir código en la consola del navegador y te enseña las construcciones lingüísticas básicas. Un libro imprescindible si quieres enseñar a tu gato (o a ti mismo, si eres un gato y estás leyendo esto) cómo codificar en JavaScript.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;"><a href="http://gitbookio.gitbooks.io/javascript/content/en/index.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #19bc9c; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">Learn Javascript</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Este libro es ideal para principiantes, ya que cubre los conceptos básicos de JavaScript. Su formato es muy simple con un breve pasaje en cada tema, seguido de un ejemplo y un ejercicio. Un buen recurso para familiarizarse con el lenguaje. Cuando termines este libro, recomendamos que leas el tutorial <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/A_re-introduction_to_JavaScript" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #19bc9c; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">reintroduction to Javascript</a> de Mozilla.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;"><a href="https://eloquentjavascript.net/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #19bc9c; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">Eloquent Javascript</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Esta es la segunda edición de un gran libro que te enseña cómo codificar de forma precisa, elegante y práctica. Comienza con los fundamentos de la programación, pero a medida que avanza se mete en temas más profundos como el JS orientado a objetos y funciones de alto nivel. Después de que hayas aprendido todo eso, el libro te muestra como desarrollar un juego en HTML y ejemplos de apps con Node.js.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;"><a href="https://bonsaiden.github.io/JavaScript-Garden/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #19bc9c; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">Javascript Garden</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Una vasta colección de ejemplos con las características más peculiares del lenguaje, que son la causa más probable de errores. Este libro/guía explica los malos hábitos, los problemas y otras trampas de JS que no suelen funcionar y que la gente, por lo general, espera que lo hagan.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;"><a href="https://leanpub.com/javascript-allonge/read" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #19bc9c; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">Javascript Allongé</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">JavaScript Allongé es un libro sobre programación que cubre todo, desde lo básico, con valores y expresiones, a conceptos más complejos, como los tipos, identidades, funciones, scopes y muchos más temas. Este libro es ideal para todo tipo de desarrolladores, ya que se encarga de explicar exactamente cómo funcionan las cosas y qué hacer cuando te encuentras con un problema.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;">Avanzado</h2><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;"><a href="http://www.addyosmani.com/resources/essentialjsdesignpatterns/book/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #19bc9c; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">Learning Javascript Design Patterns</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Una mirada en profundidad a los dos patrones de diseño clásico y moderno que nos ayudan a estructurar nuestro código de forma más óptima. Este libro está dirigido principalmente a desarrolladores profesionales, ya que se ven conceptos JS avanzados como closures y herencia de prototipos, que requieren de un cierto nivel de conocimiento previo y comprensión del lenguaje.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;"><a href="https://leanpub.com/understandinges6/read" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #19bc9c; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">Understanding ECMAScript 6</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">La comunidad JavaScript está obsesionada con las nuevas características que veremos en ES6, la próxima versión del lenguaje. Este libro estudia de cerca las diferencias entre ECMAScript 5 y 6, las nuevas incorporaciones y la mejor forma de utilizarlas. Understanding ECMAScript 6 está dirigido a desarrolladores de JavaScript de nivel intermedio a avanzado.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;"><a href="http://read.humanjavascript.com/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #19bc9c; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">Human Javascript</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">El código está dirigido a máquinas, pero escrito por seres humanos. Este libro cubre cómo escribir código de manera simple para que sea fácil de mantener. Habla sobre enrutamiento, vistas y plantillas, manejo de eventos, configuración, testeo y mucho más. Si deseas escribir código modular y libre de errores con tu equipo, dale a este libro una lectura.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;"><a href="http://speakingjs.com/es5/index.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #19bc9c; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">Speaking Javascript</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Un libro dirigido a personas que ya están familiarizadas con otros lenguajes de programación y quieren aprender JavaScript. Si conoces Java, PHP, C++, Python o cualquier otro lenguaje de programación, considera esto tu guía de inicio rápido en el maravilloso mundo de la programación en JS.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;"><a href="http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000000262/index.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #438b7d; outline-offset: -2px; outline: -webkit-focus-ring-color auto 5px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.35s ease-out 0s;" target="_blank">Programming Javascript Applications</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Un libro para programadores de JavaScript con experiencia. Está lleno de patrones de diseño prácticos y arquitectura que te ayudará a escribir un código más flexible y reutilizable. Si cuentas con una gran base de conocimiento en JavaScript, es muy posible que encuentres información muy valiosa en este libro.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br /></p></div><div class="banner-inferior" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; float: left; font-family: "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; text-align: center; width: 840px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9314112849612183" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="7127459642" data-ad-status="filled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 280px;"><div aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_4_host" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 280px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 840px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"></div></ins><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9314112849612183" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="7127459642" data-ad-status="filled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 280px;"><br /></ins></div></div>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-63764744321633554572022-11-07T16:22:00.001-04:002022-11-07T16:22:10.933-04:00jsonplaceholder<p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.ir/users', {</p><p> method: 'GET',</p><p>})</p><p> .then(response => response.json())</p><p> .then(json => console.log(json)) </p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-79884575891395951132022-10-14T09:01:00.004-04:002022-10-14T09:01:44.681-04:00spinkit LOADING<p> HTML</p><p><div class="spinner"></p><p> <div class="rect1"></div></p><p> <div class="rect2"></div></p><p> <div class="rect3"></div></p><p> <div class="rect4"></div></p><p> <div class="rect5"></div></p><p></div></p><p>----------------------------------</p><p>CSS</p><p><br /></p><p>.spinner {</p><p> margin: 100px auto;</p><p> width: 50px;</p><p> height: 40px;</p><p> text-align: center;</p><p> font-size: 10px;</p><p>}</p><p><br /></p><p>.spinner > div {</p><p> background-color: #333;</p><p> height: 100%;</p><p> width: 6px;</p><p> display: inline-block;</p><p> </p><p> -webkit-animation: sk-stretchdelay 1.2s infinite ease-in-out;</p><p> animation: sk-stretchdelay 1.2s infinite ease-in-out;</p><p>}</p><p><br /></p><p>.spinner .rect2 {</p><p> -webkit-animation-delay: -1.1s;</p><p> animation-delay: -1.1s;</p><p>}</p><p><br /></p><p>.spinner .rect3 {</p><p> -webkit-animation-delay: -1.0s;</p><p> animation-delay: -1.0s;</p><p>}</p><p><br /></p><p>.spinner .rect4 {</p><p> -webkit-animation-delay: -0.9s;</p><p> animation-delay: -0.9s;</p><p>}</p><p><br /></p><p>.spinner .rect5 {</p><p> -webkit-animation-delay: -0.8s;</p><p> animation-delay: -0.8s;</p><p>}</p><p><br /></p><p>@-webkit-keyframes sk-stretchdelay {</p><p> 0%, 40%, 100% { -webkit-transform: scaleY(0.4) } </p><p> 20% { -webkit-transform: scaleY(1.0) }</p><p>}</p><p><br /></p><p>@keyframes sk-stretchdelay {</p><p> 0%, 40%, 100% { </p><p> transform: scaleY(0.4);</p><p> -webkit-transform: scaleY(0.4);</p><p> } 20% { </p><p> transform: scaleY(1.0);</p><p> -webkit-transform: scaleY(1.0);</p><p> }</p><p>}</p><p>----------------</p><p><a href="https://tobiasahlin.com/spinkit/">https://tobiasahlin.com/spinkit/</a></p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-34637307117557621052022-09-01T10:35:00.003-04:002022-09-01T10:35:55.605-04:00xlsexport.js<p> </p><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0.67em 0px;">Installation </h1><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;">Clone or download the Github repo or via npm:<div class="code" style="background: rgb(66, 66, 66); border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; margin: 1em; padding: 1em;">npm install xlsexport</div></div><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0.67em 0px;">Usage </h1><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;">xlsExport is defined as a class, and has to be instantiated with data (objects array) and an optional title.<div class="code" style="background: rgb(66, 66, 66); border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; margin: 1em; padding: 1em;">var xls = new XlsExport([..., Object], String);</div>Since Chromium(v61) supports ES6 Modules, XlsExport is available with 'import' syntax <img alt="😎" class="emoji" draggable="false" src="https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/72x72/1f60e.png" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: 18px; margin-left: 2px;" />. For older browsers I also include an ES5 version inside the package.</div><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0.67em 0px;">Methods <img alt="📖" class="emoji" draggable="false" src="https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/72x72/1f4d6.png" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: 18px; margin-left: 2px;" /></h1><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;"><ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">exportToXLS(String fileName)</i>: convert data and force download of a Excel XLS file.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">exportToCSV(String fileName)</i>: convert data separate by semi-colons and force download of a CSV file.</li></ul><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">fileName parameter is optional, if it's not defined, the file will be named "export.xls".</i></div><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0.67em 0px;">Example <img alt="🛫" class="emoji" draggable="false" src="https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/72x72/1f6eb.png" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: 18px; margin-left: 2px;" /></h1><div class="code" style="background: rgb(66, 66, 66); border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; margin: 1em; padding: 1em;">import XlsExport from './xls-export.js';<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var xls = new XlsExport([..., Object], String);<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />xls.exportToXLS('export2017.xls');<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />xls.exportToCSV('export2017.xls');</div><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0.67em 0px;"><br /></h1>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-10067897609792121252022-08-19T10:12:00.008-04:002022-08-19T10:16:38.893-04:00 CUANDO LOS PADRES NOS QUEDAMOS HUERFANOS (Gabriel García Márquez)<p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg8Q2iwJN1lqq-zYUzlNkf7SBlHYDnAHklOs83NmtckIKKG2_bfXo0uSLxvy1Hh_N86PjLPNq0XpkmEwn_RGkDHqHm0vY04lWdNWMVO4Ycu95wQuy6kil_vQPngMdA7cdaH8tyYFgAfPZRrW_MSZaAuNCZHqlzR46o2J4lXMZEMhPstUU5NS9c-lsDOA/s850/Gabriel-Garci%CC%81a-Marquez-1-850x310.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="850" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg8Q2iwJN1lqq-zYUzlNkf7SBlHYDnAHklOs83NmtckIKKG2_bfXo0uSLxvy1Hh_N86PjLPNq0XpkmEwn_RGkDHqHm0vY04lWdNWMVO4Ycu95wQuy6kil_vQPngMdA7cdaH8tyYFgAfPZRrW_MSZaAuNCZHqlzR46o2J4lXMZEMhPstUU5NS9c-lsDOA/s16000/Gabriel-Garci%CC%81a-Marquez-1-850x310.jpg" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hay un período </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">cuando los padres </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">quedamos huérfanos </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de nuestros hijos. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Es que los niños crecen independientemente de nosotros,</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">como árboles murmurantes </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y pájaros imprudentes. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Crecen </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">sin pedir permiso a la vida. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Crecen </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">con una estridencia alegre </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y, a veces, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">con alardeada arrogancia. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pero </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">no crecen todos los días, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">crecen de repente.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Un día se sientan cerca de ti </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y con una naturalidad increíble </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">te dicen cualquier cosa </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">que te indica que </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">esa criatura de pañales, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">¡ya creció! </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">¿Cuándo creció </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">que no lo percibiste? </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">¿Dónde quedaron </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">las fiestas infantiles, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">el juego en la arena, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">los cumpleaños con payasos?</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El niño crece </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">en un ritual de </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">obediencia orgánica </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y desobediencia civil. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ahora estas allí, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">en la puerta </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de la discoteca </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">esperando no sólo que no crezca, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">sino que aparezca. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Allí están </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">muchos padres al volante </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">esperando que salgan. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Y allí están </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nuestros hijos, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">entre hamburguesas y gaseosas. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Con el uniforme </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de su generación </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y sus incómodas </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y pesadas mochilas </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">en los hombros. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Allá estamos nosotros, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">con los cabellos canos. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Y esos son </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nuestros hijos, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">los que amamos </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a pesar </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de los golpes de los vientos, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de las escasas cosechas de paz, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de las malas noticias </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y la dictadura de las horas. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ellos crecieron amaestrados,</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">observando y aprendiendo </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">con nuestros errores </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y nuestros aciertos. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Principalmente </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">con los errores </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">que esperamos no se repitan.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hay un periodo </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">en que los padres </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">vamos quedando </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">huérfanos de los hijos. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ya no los buscaremos más </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">en las puertas de las discotecas </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y del cine. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pasó el tiempo del piano, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">el fútbol, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">el ballet, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">la natación. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Salieron del asiento de atrás </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y pasaron </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">al volante de sus propias vidas.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Deberíamos haber ido más </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">junto a su cama, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">al anochecer, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">para oír su alma respirando</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">conversaciones y confidencias </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">entre las sábanas de la infancia, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y a los adolescentes, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">cubrecamas de aquellas piezas </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">con calcomanías, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">afiches, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agendas coloridas </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y discos ensordecedores. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pero crecieron </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">sin que agotáramos con ellos </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">todo nuestro afecto. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Al principio </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">fueron al campo, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">la playa, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">navidades, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">pascuas, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">piscinas </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y amigos. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sí, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">había peleas en el auto </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">por la ventana, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">los pedidos de la música de moda. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Después llegó el tiempo </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">en que viajar con los padres </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">comenzó a ser un esfuerzo, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">un sufrimiento, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">no podían dejar a sus amigos </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y primeros enamorados.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Quedamos los padres </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">exiliados de los hijos. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Teníamos la soledad </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">que siempre deseamos, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y nos llegó el momento </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">en que sólo miramos de lejos, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">oramos mucho </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(en ese momento </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">se nos había olvidado) </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">para que escojan bien </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">en la búsqueda de la felicidad </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y conquisten el mundo </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">del modo menos complejo posible.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El secreto es esperar. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">En cualquier momento </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nos darán nietos. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El nieto </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">es la hora del cariño ocioso </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y la picardía no ejercida </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">en los propios hijos. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Por eso, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">los abuelos </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">son tan desmesurados </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">y distribuyen </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tan incontrolable cariño. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Los nietos </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">son la última oportunidad </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de reeditar nuestro afecto. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Así es. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Los seres humanos </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">sólo aprendemos </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a ser hijos </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">después de ser padres; </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">sólo aprendemos </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a ser padres </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">después de ser. abuelos. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">En fin, </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">pareciera que </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">sólo aprendemos a vivir </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">después de que la vida </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">se nos va pasando. Disfrutemos de nuestros hijos en cada una de sus etapas mientras duremos vivos!!</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Gabriel Garcia Márquez</span></p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-14950009724420306932022-07-14T11:58:00.003-04:002022-07-14T11:58:27.346-04:00¿Cómo obtener la url actual en el navegador en Angular usando TypeScript? " ¿Cómo obtener la url actual en el navegador en Angular 2 usando TypeScript?<p> </p><p><br /></p><p>window.location.href : URL completa</p><p>window.location.hostname : Nombre del host</p><p>window.location.origin : Nombre del host con el protocolo</p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-73123023164753657172022-05-17T06:15:00.006-04:002022-05-17T06:27:41.845-04:00Directivas en Angular<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.06px;">Las Directivas son una parte súper importante de Angular, ellas nos permiten extender nuestro HTML y darle un toque único que veremos a continuación.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.06px;"><br /></span></p><h1 class="lh li ja bn lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="2f5f" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; margin: 3.14em 0px -0.37em;">¿Qué es una Directiva?</h1><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka mf kc kd ke mg kg kh ki mh kk kl km mi ko kp kq mj ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="12ad" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Una directiva se puede considerar como una parte muy importante del núcleo de Angular.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="1511" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Las Directivas extienden la funcionalidad del HTML usando para ello una nueva sintaxis. Con ella podemos usar lógica que será ejecutada en el DOM (Document Object Model).</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="5b0a" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Cada Directiva que usamos tiene un nombre, y determina donde puede ser usada, sea en un elemento, atributo, componente o clase.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="e328" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Se dividen en tres tipos diferentes:</p><ul class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka kb ke kf ki mq km mr kq ms ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="4512" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2.14em; padding-left: 0px;">Directivas de Atributo</li><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka mx ke my ki mz km na kq nb ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="a081" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.14em; padding-left: 0px;">Directivas de estructurales</li><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka mx ke my ki mz km na kq nb ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="6c6a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.14em; padding-left: 0px;">Componentes</li></ul><h1 class="lh li ja bn lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="6b91" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; margin: 3.14em 0px -0.37em;">Tipos de Directivas</h1><h2 class="nc li ja bn lj nd ne nf ln ng nh ni lr ki nj nk lv km nl nm lz kq nn no md np gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="40b5" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; margin: 2.37em 0px -0.31em;">Directivas de Atributo</h2><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka mf kc kd ke mg kg kh ki mh kk kl km mi ko kp kq mj ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="30d2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Alteran la apariencia o comportamiento de un elemento del DOM y son usados como atributos de los elementos.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="38c2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Entre la directivas de atributo, encontramos:</p><ul class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka kb ke kf ki mq km mr kq ms ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="8d23" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2.14em; padding-left: 0px;"><span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">ngModel</span>: Implementa binding</li><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka mx ke my ki mz km na kq nb ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="8349" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.14em; padding-left: 0px;"><span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">ngClass</span>: permite añadir/eliminar varias clases</li><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka mx ke my ki mz km na kq nb ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="8849" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.14em; padding-left: 0px;"><span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">ngStyle</span>: permite asignar estilos inline</li></ul><h2 class="nc li ja bn lj nd ne nf ln ng nh ni lr ki nj nk lv km nl nm lz kq nn no md np gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="753b" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; margin: 2.37em 0px -0.31em;">Directivas Estructurales</h2><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka mf kc kd ke mg kg kh ki mh kk kl km mi ko kp kq mj ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="49cc" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Alteran la estructura del DOM, agregando, eliminando y manipulando los elementos host a los que están unidos.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="8a0c" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Algunas directivas estructurales tienen un asterisco (*), que precede al nombre del atributo de la directiva.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="233e" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">En las directivas estructurales podemos encontrar las siguientes:</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka mf kc kd ke mg kg kh ki mh kk kl km mi ko kp kq mj ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="49cc" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;"></p><figure class="kw kx ky kz gz la gn go paragraph-image" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 56px auto 0px;"><div class="lb lc dq ld cf le" role="button" style="box-sizing: inherit; cursor: zoom-in; position: relative; transition: transform 300ms cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0.2, 1) 0s; width: 692px; z-index: auto;" tabindex="0"></div></figure><p></p><ul class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka kb ke kf ki mq km mr kq ms ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="aac1" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2.14em; padding-left: 0px;"><strong class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-weight: 700;">*ngIf</strong>: Nos permite incluir condicionales de lógica en nuestro código, como por ejemplo evaluar sentencias, hacer comparaciones, mostrar u ocultar secciones de código, y entre las muchas condiciones que deseemos crear, para que se renderice nuestro HTML, cumpliendo la sentencia a evaluar. Con el *ngIf, podemos evaluar sentencias con un simple If, podemos evaluar el<span> </span><strong class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-weight: 700;">else</strong>, para que no cumpliéndose la primera condición que se evalúa nuestro código ejecute otra acción en el caso contrario y podemos además incluir el<span> </span><strong class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-weight: 700;">then</strong>, para que cumpliendose la condición afirmativa (if), podamos añadir más flexibilidad a nuestro código incluyéndole un camino afirmativo adicional.</li></ul><div><span style="color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.06px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><ul class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka kb ke kf ki mq km mr kq ms ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="e9c3" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2.14em; padding-left: 0px;"><span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">*ngFor</span>: Permite ejecutar bucles, los bucles son los que conocemos en lógica de programación como: for, while, foreach, etc. Con esta directiva estructural podemos evaluar de acuerdo a nuestra condición n veces.</li></ul><div><span style="color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.06px;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div><ul class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka kb ke kf ki mq km mr kq ms ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="8e82" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2.14em; padding-left: 0px;"><span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">ngSwitch</span>: esta directiva es similar al <span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">*ngIf</span>, y es como el switch en lógica de programación. En esta directiva se pueden crear los diferentes casos que deseamos evaluar y cuando se cumple la condición esperada, oculta/muestra el HTML. Nos permite mantener nuestro código más limpio, si necesitamos evaluar varias sentencias.</li></ul><div><span style="color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.06px;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div><ul class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka kb ke kf ki mq km mr kq ms ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="e014" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2.14em; padding-left: 0px;"><span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">ngPlural</span>: es una directiva que permite agregar o remover elementos del DOM, basado en un valor númerico. Para usar esta directiva, se debe proporcionar un elemento contenedor que establezca el atributo [ngPlural] en una expresión de cambio. Los elementos internos con un [ngPluralCase] se mostrarán en función de su expresión. Si [ngPluralCase] se establece en una expresión (que comience con = o ‘>’ o ‘<’ etc.), el elemento se mostrará, si el valor es igual a la expresión.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Para mostrar valores por defecto se puede usar el string “other”.</li></ul><div><span style="color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.06px;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div><ul class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka kb ke kf ki mq km mr kq ms ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="bcc0" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2.14em; padding-left: 0px;"><span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">ngTemplate</span>: esta directiva como su nombre lo indica es un template en Angular. El contenido de esta etiqueta puede reutilizarse en otros templates. Dentro de la etiqueta ng-template tenemos acceso a las mismas variables de contexto que son visibles en el template exterior, como por ejemplo la variable ‘noSuperHeroes’. Esto se debe a que las instancias de ng-template tienen acceso al mismo contexto en el cual están integradas. Además cada template también puede definir su set de variables.</li></ul><div><span style="color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.06px;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div><ul class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="mo mp ja jz b ka kb ke kf ki mq km mr kq ms ku mt mu mv mw gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="9db2" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 28px; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2.14em; padding-left: 0px;"><span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">ngComponentOutlet</span>: nos permite crear componentes dinámicos.</li></ul><div><span style="color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.06px;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div><span style="color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.06px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="1b02" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">En el siguiente ejemplo puedes ver como podemos usar las anteriores directivas estructurales:</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="d5c5" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;"><a class="au ny" href="https://angular-directives-examples-structures.stackblitz.io/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;" target="_blank">https://angular-directives-examples-structural.stackblitz.io</a></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="d5c5" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;"><br /></p><h2 class="nc li ja bn lj nd ne nf ln ng nh ni lr ki nj nk lv km nl nm lz kq nn no md np gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fcc7" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; margin: 2.37em 0px -0.31em;">Directivas de Componente</h2><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka mf kc kd ke mg kg kh ki mh kk kl km mi ko kp kq mj ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="35d9" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Las Directivas de Componente son directivas con un Template. Los componentes tienen decoradores “<span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">@Component”</span>, el componente es un decorador <span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">@Directive</span> que es extendido con características propias de los <span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><em class="nz" style="box-sizing: inherit;">templates</em></span>.</p><h1 class="lh li ja bn lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="567e" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; margin: 3.14em 0px -0.37em;">¿Cómo generar una directiva?</h1><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka mf kc kd ke mg kg kh ki mh kk kl km mi ko kp kq mj ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="7657" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Desde el Angular CLI podemos generar una directiva usando el siguiente comando:</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ac7a" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;"><em class="nz" style="box-sizing: inherit;">ng generate </em><span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">directive</span><em class="nz" style="box-sizing: inherit;"> <name> [options]</em></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="41d3" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">En su forma abreviada sería:</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="b60c" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">ng g d [name]</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="89b2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Si usamos un IDE online como <span class="jz jb" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Stackblitz</span> con solo dar clic derecho sobre la carpeta src, nos aparecerá una opción llamada Angular Generator, si colocamos el mouse sobre esa opción, mostrará varias opciones, entre ellas Directive. Al seleccionarla y colocar un nombre, se genera la directiva.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph jx jy ja jz b ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku it gc" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="89b2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;"><br /></p></div>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-75507024444346492402022-04-20T15:40:00.002-04:002022-04-20T15:48:17.278-04:00Compilación y despliegue de una aplicación Angular en un servidor de Internet<p> <span face="sans-serif, arial" style="color: #333333; font-size: 16.8px;">Cuando uno desarrolla una aplicación web utilizando el framework de Angular lo desarrolla y prueba en forma local. Cada cambio que desarrolla lo puede probar en forma local ejecutando el servidor de desarrollo que trae Angular:</span></p><pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all;">#angularya\proyecto016>ng serve -o
</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif, arial; font-size: 16.8px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Una vez finalizada la aplicación debemos subirla a nuestro servidor real en Internet, para esto debemos ejecutar el siguiente comando de Angular CLI:</p><pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all;">#angularya\proyecto016>ng build
</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif, arial; font-size: 16.8px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Luego de este proceso se genera una carpeta llamada 'dist' que contiene todos los archivos que debemos subir a nuestro servidor de Internet:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif, arial; font-size: 16.8px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Los archivos de esta carpeta se deben subir a la carpeta raíz de nuestro servidor de Internet, luego cuando accedemos al dominio de nuestro sitio:</p><pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all;">www.misitio.com
</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif, arial; font-size: 16.8px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">El servidor responde devolviendo el archivo 'index.html' y este en su interior tiene todas las referencias a archivos *.js y *.css</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif, arial; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;">Subir una aplicación Angular a una subcarpeta de nuestro servidor.</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif, arial; font-size: 16.8px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Si nuestra aplicación Angular no se ejecutará en la raíz de nuestro servidor de Internet, el proceso de compilación es diferente.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif, arial; font-size: 16.8px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Por ejemplo si queremos cargar una aplicación Angular a la carpeta:</p><pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all;">http://scratchya.com.ar/angular/proyecto016/
</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif, arial; font-size: 16.8px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">El proceso de compilación debe ser:</p><pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all;">#angularya\proyecto016>ng build --base-href=/angular/proyecto016/
</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif, arial; font-size: 16.8px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br /></p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-87813322002981763472022-04-02T08:07:00.007-04:002022-04-02T08:16:18.438-04:00 Los inicios de la Física en la Universidad de Oriente<p> </p><h5 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: right;">Una versión de este trabajo<br />fue publicada en<br />infoCiudadano.com el 02/septiembre/2013.</h5><h5 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: right;">Fuente: <a href="https://chegoyo.com/" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;">https://chegoyo.com/</a><br /><br /></h5><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Introducción</span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Física KU-UDO es un ensayo que debería llevar como subtítulo: “Fragmentos digitales sobre los inicios de los estudios y la investigación en Física en la Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo Sucre “. Este texto es el resultado colateral de una investigación realizada dentro del marco del proyecto de investigación independiente <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/proyecto-ves" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Proyecto VES</a></span></strong>.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El objetivo del <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/proyecto-ves" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Proyecto VES</a></span></strong> es construir desde la web los perfiles biográficos, o mejor dicho, las historias humanas de (a) un conjunto de científicos y tecnólogos que vinieron a Venezuela, en Tierra de Gracia echaron raíces, hicieron ciencia y/o tecnología y forjaron la cultura tecno-científica venezolana (Serie VES-i) y (b) una selección de los científicos y tecnólogos venezolanos que se fueron a otras latitudes, en donde se establecieron, lograron surgir y cosechar éxitos (Serie VES-e).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El primer científico inmigrante escogido para dar inicio a la serie VES-i de historias humanas es <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/proyecto-ves/ves-i-amar-singh-y-el-laboratorio-de-dispositivos-semiconductores-parte-i/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">el profesor Amar Singh</a></span></strong>, profesor titular de Física en la Universidad de Oriente (UDO) y fundador del Laboratorio de Dispositivos Semiconductores–una experiencia singular en la física experimental venezolana, realizada por 20 años (1978-1998), en el Núcleo Sucre de la UDO en Cumaná, Estado Sucre.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ocurre, sin embargo, que como la historia fundacional del Departamento de Física de la UDO no está escrita (o si lo está ella no se encuentra disponible), para alguien como quien escribe, que nunca había tenido contacto con la Universidad de Oriente, se hacía difícil situarse en el contexto universitario de la época en la cual el profesor Singh realizó sus actividades de docencia e investigación.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Este vacío histórico representaba un escollo en la investigación sobre la vida y obra del profesor Singh, pero fue parcialmente superado aplicando la misma metodología de <span style="color: maroon;"><strong><a href="http://ares.unimet.edu.ve/academic/IX-congreso/documentos/116.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Sondeo Histórico Digital</a></strong></span> (SHD) usada en el proyecto “<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/la-escuela-de-fisica-de-la-ucv-que-no-conoci" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">La Escuela de Física que no conocí (1946-1971): Revelaciones de un sondeo histórico digital</a></span></strong>” para hacer en poco tiempo un bosquejo de la historia fundacional del Departamento de Física de la UDO. Este artículo presenta dentro de una narrativa los resultados (los fragmentos) del sondeo histórico digital realizado. La aplicación de la metodología SHD permitió rescatar material fotográfico inédito sobre los inicios de la Física en la UDO.</span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Sobre el Proyecto VES</span></strong></h2></div><div><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">VES es un acrónimo con doble significado: (1) VES, cuando está relacionado con la inmigración, significa <em>VES-i: (Vinieron, Educaron y Sembraron) – Las Buenas Semillas de la Inmigración en Ciencia y Tecnología en Venezuela</em>, y (2) VES, cuando está relacionado con la emigración, significa <em>VES-e: (Viajaron, Emigraron y Surgieron) – Los Buenos Frutos de la Emigración Venezolana en Ciencia y Tecnología</em>.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">La metodología <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://ares.unimet.edu.ve/academic/IX-congreso/documentos/116.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">SHD</a> </span></strong>aplicada en los proyectos “<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/la-escuela-de-fisica-de-la-ucv-que-no-conoci" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">La Escuela de Física que no conocí</a></span></strong>” y <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/proyecto-ves" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">VES</a></span></strong> consiste en usar la conectividad a Internet, los motores búsqueda, y las herramientas y el espíritu de apertura de las redes sociales (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://buzzmachine.com/2011/09/14/public-parts-the-introduction/" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;"><em>social media openness</em></a></span></strong>) para, podríamos hacer una analogía con la arqueología, explorar los vastos territorios virtuales en busca de los fragmentos digitales sobre la vida y obra de los biografiados (Prospección); ubicados estos, hurgar en las redes sociales y en las bases de datos para extraer los fragmentos digitales (Excavación); limpiar los fragmentos–ordenarlos e igualar formatos– y validar que sean confiables (Análisis); y, luego, ensamblarlos en una narrativa coherente para mostrarlos al públicos (Exhibición).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Si cambiamos “perfil biográfico” por “perfil institucional”, este ensayo, aunque una institución no sea una persona, también puede ser considerado parte integral del Proyecto VES, después de todo una buena parte de los orígenes de la Física en la UDO están en el exterior, en Lawrence, Kansas, Estados Unidos de América, y esta es la historia que les quiero contar.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/divider-line1-300x72.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></a></p><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Agradecimientos</span></strong></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Extraer información de la web y las redes sociales no solamente es una cuestión de saber usar bien las plataformas tecnológicas que las redes ofrecen, la labor solo es posible con la participación de la gente. En algunos casos las personas son (físicamente) conocidas, pero en otros casos son personas cuyo contacto únicamente ha ocurrido vía correo electrónico y chats en redes sociales. Doy las gracias a los físicos y profesores titulares Amar Singh, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/ciencias/wbarreto/" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">William Barreto </a></span></strong>y <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://ve.linkedin.com/pub/dickar-bonyuet-lee/16/105/370" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Dickar Bonyuet Lee</a></span></strong> por varios datos aportados. La sección sobre el Plan KUUDO se vio enriquecida por los aportes de los físicos <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~reckert/" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Richard Eckert</a></span></strong> (gracias Richard por esas fotos) y <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/loren.lockwood.75" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Loren Lockwood</a></span></strong>, del biólogo <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://people.cc.ku.edu/~andym/WebCV/" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Andrew Torres</a></span></strong> y del matemático <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.redmountainconsulting.biz/JSD-RMC-Oct2009.pdf" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">James Dukelow Jr.</a></span></strong>.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">La sección “¿Por qué venir a Venezuela?” tuvo su génesis en un comentario breve de Loren Lockwood sobre lo difícil del mercado laboral en EE. UU. a principios de los años setenta. El trabajo del Dr. <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/lowtemplab/researchers" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Ismardo Bonalde</a> </span></strong>sobre la productividad científica en Venezuela fue muy útil para comparar la investigación científica en la UDO con el resto la del país. El ensayo sobre la historia de vida del profesor Amar Singh es un trabajo en progreso.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Las Ciencias en la UDO dentro del contexto universitario venezolano</span></strong></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO.jpeg" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="UDO" class="wp-image-2865 alignleft" height="172" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 172px) 100vw, 172px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO.jpeg" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO.jpeg 225w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO-150x150.jpeg 150w" style="border: 0px; float: left; height: auto; margin: 6px 10px 6px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="172" /></a>Los estudios de las carreras científicas en Venezuela se iniciaron en la Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) cuando se incluyó un Departamento de Ciencias en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UCV en septiembre de 1946. Este departamento se convierte pronto (julio 1947) en una Escuela de Ciencias, de donde en 1950 egresan los primeros licenciados en Ciencias Naturales, y va a pasar luego por una serie de transformaciones hasta llegar, en marzo de 1958, a convertirse en la actual Facultad de Ciencias de la UCV. El año de 1950 es también el año de fundación de la Asociación para el Avance de la Ciencia (<a href="http://www.asovac.org/" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: maroon;">ASOVAC</span></strong>)</a>, una entidad para el fomento de la ciencia en el país, la cual va jugar un papel importante, aunque indirecto, en la creación de la UDO.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">En Mérida, en 1965, en la Universidad de Los Andes (ULA), un comité integrado por el físico alemán-venezolano <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/123456789/21372/1/articulo10.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Raimundo Goetze Rommler</a> </span></strong>(1899-1990), y los profesores Hernán Hernández, José Rafael Rodríguez y Jaime Tinto, planteó la creación de una Facultad de Ciencias Básicas. Dos años más tarde, en 1967, con la asesoría del Decano de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UCV, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://unefm.edu.ve/web/bio_alonso_gamero.html" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Alonso Gamero</a> </span></strong>(1923-1980), y con el apoyo del Rector de la ULA, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Rinc%C3%B3n_Guti%C3%A9rrez" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Pedro Rincón Gutiérrez </a></span></strong>(1923-2004, el Rector de los Rectores) y del Consejo Universitario de esa casa de estudio, se dio inicio al Centro de Ciencias, inicialmente adscrito al Rectorado, y que posteriormente daría origen a la Facultad de Ciencias de esa casa de estudios. Una participación activa de gente de ciencias e ingeniería tanto de la propia ULA como de la UCV, más un convenio científico tecnológico con Francia crearon en pocos años en los Andes venezolanos un Facultad de Ciencias exitosa (ver también, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/705/70504009.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">La Institucionalización de la Ciencia en Venezuela. El caso de la Universidad de los Andes (ULA), Mérida, s. XX</a></span></strong>).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">En la ciudad de Cumaná, entre los hechos de creación de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UCV y el Centro de Ciencias de la ULA, tenemos la fundación del Núcleo Sucre de la Universidad de Oriente. A pesar de que Cumaná fue una ciudad donde se fundó, en 1515, la primera escuela de Venezuela, y a que en 1812 se estableció, en el antiguo <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/visrec01/6154029512/" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">convento de San Francisco</a></span></strong>, una universidad, que las vicisitudes de la guerra de independencia impediría luego prosperar, el Oriente del país careció de instituciones de educación superior hasta 1958 cuando se crea – en el papel– la Universidad de Oriente (UDO) (Decreto No. 459 de la Junta de Gobierno, 21 de noviembre de 1958). </span></p><div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2866" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 463px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Gaceta-UDO-1958.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Gaceta-UDO-1958" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2866" class="wp-image-2866 size-full" height="358" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Gaceta-UDO-1958.png" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Gaceta-UDO-1958.png 453w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Gaceta-UDO-1958-300x237.png 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="453" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2866" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.pgr.gob.ve/dmdocuments/1958/25831.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Gaceta Oficial de 1958 </a></span></strong>decretando la UDO. Primeros artículos del decreto.</span></p></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Impulsado por el poder político de Acción Democrática (por intermedio, entre otros, de <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://miguelescotet.com/2012/penalver-una-vida-con-sentido-etico/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Luis Manuel Peñalver</a></span></strong> (1918-2004)–Rector fundador de la UDO, 1958-1970), la idea de una universidad para el Oriente del país comienza a ser una realidad. La visión original de Peñalver era la de una universidad experimental, con un curriculum mucho más liberal del que para la época tenían las universidades autónomas (UCV, ULA, LUZ, UC), y enfocada hacia el desarrollo tecno-científico de los estados orientales de Venezuela.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Los planificadores de esta nueva universidad se apoyan en la idea del <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://iov.sucre.udo.edu.ve/contenido.php?id=3&sub=1" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela</a></span></strong> (IOV), creado mediante Decreto Oficial No. 459 del 21 de Noviembre de 1958, en el mismo decreto que creó a la UDO. Sin embargo, es solo a partir del 12 de Octubre de 1959, cuando bajo los auspicios de FUNDAVAC (Fundación Venezolana de Ciencias) y la dirección del Dr. Pedro Roa Morales, que este instituto inicia sus actividades. El IOV fue una idea originalmente propuesta por el profesor <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://unefm.edu.ve/web/bio_alonso_gamero.html" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Alonso Gamero</a></span></strong>, e impulsada desde Caracas por la Asociación para el Avance de la Ciencia (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.asovac.org/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">ASOVAC</a></span></strong>) y su brazo financiero <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.fundavac.org.ve/nosotros.html" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">FUNDAVAC</a></span></strong>, para realizar investigación científica en las áreas de Oceanografía Física, Biológica y Aplicada. Este instituto fue utilizado como base para crear el núcleo inicial de la UDO.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">La Universidad de Oriente comenzó formalmente el 12 de febrero de 1960, fecha cuando le presentó la oferta de los Cursos Básicos a los estudiantes de la región. La promulgación del Reglamento de Decreto Ley de creación de la UDO es del 26 de mayo de 1961 (un decreto de tres artículos en donde quedó establecida la personalidad jurídica y la autonomía patrimonial de la UDO, y se otorgó facultades a la Comisión Organizadora de la Universidad equivalentes a la de un Consejo Universitario).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">En la Universidad de Oriente hubo poca participación activa directa de científicos venezolanos en la planificación y creación de la universidad (a pesar de la participación inicial en 1959, junto con <span style="color: maroon;"><strong><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Tejera_Par%C3%ADs" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Enrique Tejera París</a></strong></span>, de los científicos Pedro Roa Morales y <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.acfiman.org.ve/adds/cvs/Chuchani.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Gabriel Chuchani</a></span></strong>). A diferencia de lo que ocurrió en la ULA con la creación del Centro de Ciencias, la planificación y organización de la UDO estuvo en manos de un grupo de profesionales con mucho peso político (Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa, Oswaldo de Sola, Claudio Musku, Juan López Aldrey, J.M. Siso Martínez, José Lorenzo Pérez y Dionisio López Orihuela, entre otros) pero sin la participación activa de la comunidad científica del país.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">La otra gran diferencia con la ULA y la UCV es que en el caso de la UDO todo estaba por hacerse, no existía la infraestructura necesaria para que una universidad funcionara ni tampoco había el personal idóneo. El Núcleo Sucre de la UDO se inicia con los Cursos Básicos y a esto le sigue luego la fundación de la Escuela de Ciencias. Esta escuela inició sus actividades en 1961 como la Escuela de Biología, luego, en 1962, se creó la Escuela de Química, y en el año 1966, por decisión del Consejo Universitario de la UDO, estas dos escuelas pasaron a formar parte de una sola escuela, llamada la Escuela de Ciencias. El <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://postmat.sucre.udo.edu.ve/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Departamento de Matemáticas</a></span></strong> de la Escuela de Ciencias <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.udo.edu.ve/index.php/noticias/item/3363-con-diversas-actividades1858" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">se fundó en 1964</a></span></strong> (según reporta Jim Dukelow, un profesor junior del plan KUUDO – ver más abajo–, para 1965-1967, en la Licenciatura en Matemáticas solo había 5 estudiantes).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A la creación del Núcleo Sucre siguió la expansión geográfica de la UDO hacia otros estados del oriente venezolano: Núcleo de Monagas (con sede en Jusepín, octubre de 1961); en el Núcleo de Bolívar (con sede en Ciudad Bolívar, enero 1962); en el Núcleo de Anzoátegui (con sede en Puerto la Cruz, enero 1963) y el Núcleo de Nueva Esparta (con sede en Porlamar, enero 1969). Para mayores detalles leer: <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://bibliotecadigital.udo.edu.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Historia de la UDO</a></span></strong>.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/divider-Page-Breaker.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></a></p><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">¿Cómo comienza la Física en la UDO?</span></strong></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Desde las redes sociales no se logró obtener una claridad sobre como fue el proceso inicial de contratación de los profesores de ciencias entre 1960 y 1964. Aunque según parece muchos de los primeros profesores venezolanos de Ciencias en la UDO fueron reclutados de los Institutos Pedagógicos y otros profesores eran venezolanos que habían hecho su licenciatura en carreras científicas en universidades del exterior.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Igual que el caso de la ULA, para resolver el problema de falta de personal, la UDO eventualmente recurrió al uso de profesores extranjeros. En 1965, la UDO realizó un convenio con la <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.ku.edu/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">University of Kansas</a></span></strong> para traer profesores de Ciencias (Física, Biología, Química y Matemáticas) para Cumaná. El convenio fue financiado por la <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.fordfoundation.org/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Fundación Ford</a></span></strong> y por la UDO.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tampoco se logró encontrar una referencia que indicara la fecha exacta de cuando se iniciaron los estudios en Física en la UDO. Sin embargo, como los primeros graduados egresaron en el año 1973 (José Franco Sarabia, José Luis Zambrano Gil, Jesús Alberto Medina Peña, y Luis Daniel Beauperthuy Urich¹), podemos suponer que los estudios de Física en la UDO comenzaron hacia el año 1968 o 1969 – si tomamos en consideración la existencia de un año de Cursos Básicos, la licenciatura, la cual es de cinco años de duración, bien pudo haber empezado en 1969.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Por supuesto, la enseñanza de la física como cursos de servicio para otras licenciaturas debió de haber comenzado con los inicios de los Cursos Básicos. Sin embargo, por no ser este un asunto relevante para el estudio sobre el Profesor Singh, no se trató de determinar exactamente quien o quienes fueron los primeros profesores de Física en la UDO. Sabemos de la existencia de un informe –que no hemos consultado– de <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.asovac.org/2007/07/26/manuel-bemporad-1923-2007/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Manuel Bemporad</a></span></strong> (1923-2007) con propuestas sobre una Licenciatura en Física para la UDO.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">No obstante, si se conoce que entre los primeros profesores venezolanos de Física se encuentran los nombres de: Claude Enrique Aveledo (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://books.google.co.ve/books/about/Higher_Order_Deformations_and_Electrical.html?id=koAzOAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">PhD KU, 1971</a></span></strong>), Marco Figueroa (M. Sc., KU, 1967) y Nelson Sanguinetti (M. Sc. KU, 1967; <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/24/38/68/PDF/ajp-rphysap_1974_9_6_973_0.pdf" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Doctor 3er. Ciclo</a></span></strong>, 1974) y Rafael A. López Frontado (M. Sc). Los tres primeros participaron en el programa de intercambio KU-UDO (ver abajo) y para el año 1964, aunque no tenían estudios de postgrado, eran profesores en la UDO. Los esfuerzos realizados para contactar a las cuatro personas arriba mencionadas no tuvieron éxito.</span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Plan KU-UDO</span></strong></h3><div class="wp-caption alignleft" id="attachment_2867" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #333333; float: left; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 243px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/KU-jayhawk.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="KU-jayhawk" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2867" class="wp-image-2867" height="211" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 233px) 100vw, 233px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/KU-jayhawk.png" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/KU-jayhawk.png 336w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/KU-jayhawk-300x271.png 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="233" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2867" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El mítico<strong><span style="color: maroon;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">jayhawk</a></span></strong> que representa en los juegos deportivos a la University of Kansas.</span></p></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El convenio con la <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.ku.edu/" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">University of Kansas</a></span></strong> informalmente se llamó Plan KUUDO: por cada profesor de la UDO que iba a University of Kansas (KU) a hacer un postgrado (maestría y doctorado), KU enviaba un profesor a la UDO para cubrir la plaza vacante. El convenio también incluía la compra de mobiliario y de equipos para los laboratorios de docencia. Los profesores de KU, además de dictar clases, realizaron las verificaciones de calidad de los equipos importados y los instalaron en los nuevos laboratorios.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Una investigación, no exhaustiva, realizada en las redes sobre el plan KUUDO (ver <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40223632?uid=3739296&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21102566720397" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><em>Plan KUUDO: An Experiment in a New Dimension of University Responsibility</em></a></span></strong> de Andrew Torres) reveló que este plan empezó en 1965, y que el costo inicial –los primeros dos años– fue de 750.000 US$.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/KUUDO-Plan-Torres-US.jpg" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="KUUDO-Plan-Torres-US" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2868" height="247" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/KUUDO-Plan-Torres-US.jpg" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/KUUDO-Plan-Torres-US.jpg 313w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/KUUDO-Plan-Torres-US-300x237.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="313" /></span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/divider-line1-300x72.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="divider-line1-300x72" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-198" height="72" loading="lazy" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/divider-line1-300x72.png" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="300" /></span></a></p><h3 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">La Física en la UDO en los años sesenta y principios de los setenta</span></strong></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Según el convenio KU-UDO, los físicos estadounidenses en el programa estaban clasificados como <em>Físico senior</em> con doctorado y experiencia y la mayoría que eran <em>Físicos juniors</em> con solo maestrías. <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_H._Janzen" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Daniel Hunt Jazen</a></span></strong> (biólogo, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.discoverlife.org/who/CV/janzen_dan.html" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">ver vitae</a></span></strong>) ejerció, entre septiembre de 1965 y junio de 1966, como vice-decano de la Universidad de Kansas con la responsabilidad por el plan de intercambio KUUDO. Hoy en día, Jazen es un reconocido biólogo y ecólogo evolucionista. En 1973, Jazen también fue profesor en la Universidad de Los Andes (ULA). Según las redes sociales (información no confirmada), para 1966-68, el Decano de la Escuela de Ciencias de la UDO era el biólogo costarricense <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://ebiblioteca.org/?/ver/17013" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">John De Abate</a>.</span></strong></span></p><div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2869" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 562px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Escuela-de-Ciencias-UDO-circa-1967.jpg" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Escuela-de-Ciencias-UDO-circa-1967" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2869" class="wp-image-2869" height="346" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 552px) 100vw, 552px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Escuela-de-Ciencias-UDO-circa-1967.jpg" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Escuela-de-Ciencias-UDO-circa-1967.jpg 713w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Escuela-de-Ciencias-UDO-circa-1967-300x188.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="552" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2869" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Escuela de Ciencias UDO, circa 1967. Foto cortesía de Richard Eckart.</span></p></div><div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2872" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 562px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Escuela-De-Ciencias.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Escuela-De-Ciencias" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2872" class="wp-image-2872" height="344" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 552px) 100vw, 552px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Escuela-De-Ciencias.png" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Escuela-De-Ciencias.png 640w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Escuela-De-Ciencias-300x187.png 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="552" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2872" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Edificio de la Escuela De Ciencias de la UDO visto desde arriba usando Google maps. El Departamento de Física de la UDO se encuentra en este mismo edificio y el Laboratorio de Semiconductores del Prof. Amar Singh está ubicado en el segundo piso (Oficina # 200).</span></p></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Los primeros físicos que vinieron desde Lawrence, Kansas fueron:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www2.ljworld.com/obituaries/2008/feb/02/jacob_enoch/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><strong>Jacob Enoch</strong></a> </span>(1927 – 2008), era físico senior en el grupo de KU, ejerció entre 1965-67.<br /><strong>Loren Alan Lockwood</strong>, físico junior, ejerció entre 1965-1967. En 1971, después <strong><a href="http://catalog.lib.ku.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?bbid=1804912" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: maroon;">de haber obtenido su PhD</span> </a></strong>en University of Kansas, Lockwood regresa de nuevo a la UDO como profesor.<br /><strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~reckert/Eckert-Resume-2008-BULLETS.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Richard Eckert</a></span>,</strong> fisico experimental junior ejerció en la UDO entre 1966-68. Regresa a Kansas en donde obtiene un PhD en física experimental de altas energías y <a href="http://catalog.lib.ku.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?bbid=1804740Lm_wOA_80&SEQ=20130802200038&SID=1" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: maroon;">a</span><span style="color: maroon;"><strong>l</strong> culminar el doctorado en 1971</span> </strong></a>ingresa como profesor de física en la Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico en Ponce, Puerto Rico.<br /><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.windenergy.org/staffs/vnelson.html" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;"><strong>Vaughn Nelson</strong></a>,</span> obtuvo en 1967 el PhD en física experimental en KU y estuvo en la UDO como profesor entre los años 1967 y 1969.<br /><strong>Gordon Gray Wiseman, </strong>físico senior (<span style="color: maroon;"><strong><a href="http://catalog.lib.ku.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?bbid=3428115" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Ph.D., University of Kansas</a></strong></span>, 1950. Física experimental de la materia condensada, materiales dieléctricos y ferroelectricidad),<strong> </strong>solo estuvo por un verano ¿1966 o 1967?</span></p><div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2870" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 548px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Richard-Eckart-3.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Richard-Eckart-3" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2870" class="wp-image-2870" height="368" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 538px) 100vw, 538px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Richard-Eckart-3.png" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Richard-Eckart-3.png 726w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Richard-Eckart-3-300x205.png 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="538" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2870" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Arriba vemos al profesor Richard Eckart (PhD, Kansas University, 1971) en su oficina y abajo lo vemos explicándole un problema a un estudiante. Fotos cortesía de Richard Eckart (circa 1967).</span></p></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Richard-Eckart-in-his-office.jpg" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Richard-Eckart-in-his-office" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2871" height="461" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Richard-Eckart-in-his-office.jpg" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Richard-Eckart-in-his-office.jpg 323w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Richard-Eckart-in-his-office-210x300.jpg 210w" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="323" /></span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Entre otros profesores de University of Kansas en la UDO estaban: A. Bryron Leonard (<span style="color: maroon;"><strong><a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=16309815&PIpi=8919289" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">1902-1987</a></strong></span>) quien sirvió como el primer director (on-site director) del Plan KUUDO fisicamente presente en el Núcleo Sucre, el biólogo <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://people.cc.ku.edu/~andym/WebCV/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Andrew Torres</a></span></strong> (estuvo en 1966-67), William Ramírez-Benavides (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.cientec.or.cr/comunicacion/ponencias/WilliamRamirez.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">entomólogo especializado en avispas</a></span></strong>), James D. Smith (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1091&context=museummammalogy" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">especializado en murciélagos</a></span></strong>), Bob Branden (microbiólogo), David E. Peters (químico recién doctorado, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://catalog.lib.ku.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?bbid=3426017" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Ph.D KU, 1965</a></span></strong>), el matemático <span style="color: maroon;"><strong><a href="http://www.warrenmcelwain.com/obituaryDetail.cfm?idObituary=1374&pageId=16" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Phil R. Montgomery </a></strong></span>(1936-2013) quien ejerció entre 1966-1968 (y a su regreso a Kansas escribió un artículo (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/jachegoyo/mathematics-in-venezuela-in-the" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">University Mathematics in Venezuela</a></span></strong>, en The American Mathematical Monthly, 1968) sobre el estado de las matemáticas en las universidades venezolanas a fines de los años sesenta), y los matemáticos <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.redmountainconsulting.biz/JSD-RMC-Oct2009.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">James Dukelow Jr.</a></span></strong>, Profesor Asistente de Matemáticas (1965-67) y Harold Mick (B.A., No. Iowa, 1958; M.B.S., Colorado, 1959; M.A., Kansas, 1965; Ph.D., Ohio State, 1972). En Matemáticas, aunque no relacionados con KUUDO, estaban Jorge Alvarez de Araya Muñoz (chileno, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=28181" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Ph.D., University of Washington, 1963</a>,</span></strong> y <span style="color: maroon;"><strong><a href="http://owpdb.mfo.de/person_detail?id=5532" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Eduardo Lima de Sa</a></strong></span> (f. en Italia, 2015), Licenciado en Matemáticas, entonces recién graduado de la UCV).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Existe una tesis de doctorado en administración de sistemas educativos (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><em><a href="http://books.google.co.ve/books/about/An_Analysis_of_the_Consequences_of_the_U.html?id=SjLSSgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Analysis of the consequences of the University of Kansas-Universidad de Oriente program: a decade later</a></em></span></strong> de Alberto Guillermo Alexander), a la cual no se tuvo acceso, que analiza los resultados del plan KUUDO transcurridos diez años de su ejecución.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A fines de los años sesenta, en el Departamento de Física de la UDO trabajaban también otros profesores extranjeros que no estaban relacionados con el plan KUUDO: Carlos Alberto Heras, argentino que llegó a la UDO en 1966, doctorado en Física en la Universidad Nacional de La Plata) y ejerció como jefe del Departamento de Física (al menos entre 1966-68), Vincenzo Giamberardino (italiano, solo se logró saber que es el autor de un libro sobre <em>Teoría de Errores</em>, Reverté, Venezuela, 1980), Juan De Martín Marfil (físico español, se jubiló de UDO y ahora vive en España), José Reyes (un físico centroamericano), Biaggio Murgia (físico italiano), José Barreto Araujo, Pierre Peigne, y <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.barilochesemanal.com.ar/noticias/omar-bernaola,-discipulo-de-enrique-gaviola_387" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Omar Bernaola</a></span></strong> (físico argentino, 7 de abril de 1937-24 de marzo 2013).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Como se puede ver, para la época Cumaná estaba llena de profesores expatriados. El plan KUUDO contaba con varios asistentes de servicios que facilitaban la vida de los profesores extranjeros (se menciona el nombre de Carlos Valle como alguien muy hábil para resolver los problemas con la burocracia venezolana). Los profesores solteros vivían en la “Residencia de Profesores”, según Richard Eckard, la residencia era un edificio ubicado muy cerca de la Calle Bermúdez, en una calle cuyo frente colinda con una de las márgenes del Río Manzanares. Los profesores casados del plan KUUDO vivían en casas cerca de la playa. James Dukelow Jr. relata que los profesores estaban contratados como profesores ordinarios, y que la Fundación Ford estaba a cargo de pagar por el alquiler y la compra de mobiliario y vehículos. Dukelow vivía con su esposa en la Quinta Chavela, “on the second floor of a house on the beach about a mile from campus. The house was across Avenida San Luis from the brackish lagoon in the map [Laguna de los Patos] you attached to your email.”</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">James Dukelow Jr. rememora:</span></p><blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 20px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 30px 0px 20px;"><p style="margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #333399;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">The financial structure of the program was interesting. We were regular employees of the university, with the regular pay scale and with a forced savings program (pension savings); we got our contributions back when we left the country at the end of our two years. The Ford Foundation paid our rent and bought furniture for us and bought cars for the senior members of the program.</span></em></span></p><p style="margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><em><span style="color: #333399;"><span style="font-size: medium;">……</span></span></em></p><p style="margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><em><span style="color: #333399;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Living in Cumana and Venezuela, in general, was a rich experience, sometimes frustrating, sometimes threatening (it was the time when Castro was sponsoring insurgency around the Caribbean and South America). The bird life and marine life was extraordinary — we could see dolphins playing out on the ocean in the afternoon, frigate birds fighting over fish thousands of feet up in the air, skimmers working the lagoon across the road, and huge fish-eating bats working their way along the Río Manzanares. Cumaná is a fascinating micro-climate, arid, with a mix of cactus and palm trees. A few miles back in the surrounding mountains is basically rain forest.</span></span></em></p></blockquote><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mientras que el profesor Andrew Torres recuerda:</span></p><blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 20px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 30px 0px 20px;"><p style="margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #333399;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">All of us had to adapt to a new culture. How to shop, the new names of foods, where to visit, going to Mochima Bay to picnic and swim, and on and on. We all did well and had support from the Ford Foundation. I considered our home on the beach fairly standard, perhaps luxurious by local standards. Loren [Lockwood], as I recall, was briefly arrested because he was bearded [no es de extrañar, ya que para la época, en muchas partes de la provincia venezolana, y en la mente de muchas personas, tener barba era un sinónimo de ser guerrillero, y el oriente del país era el área de desempeño del Frente Guerrillero “Antonio José de Sucre”]. And we had other problems, but overall it was a good experience. I do have many pictures from that time: the campus, the boating, the house, the markets, and so on. All of our children went to local schools and learned Spanish (ages 4 to 10). They remember many of their experiences in Cumaná. It was a good part of their lives. I think all the adults also enjoyed their time there and hope they contributed to the plan KUUDO.</span></em></span></p></blockquote><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tanto James Dukelow Jr. como Richard Eckert y Andrew Torres tienen muy buenos recuerdos de su estadía de dos años en la UDO. Muchos de los “kuudoistas’ se movilizaban en motos. Eckert recuerda con cierta nostalgia, las excursiones en moto con los matemáticos Jim Dukelow y Phil Montgomery A parte de los viajes a Mochima, y viajes para hacer submarinismo y pescar con arpón, también realizaron varios viajes al interior de Venezuela, entre ellos uno al Delta del Orinoco y acompañaron a los biólogos del Plan KUUDO en sus expediciones (ej. Jim Smith y sus viajes para recolectar murciélagos) y visitas a la vecina Trinidad y Tobago (Eckert).</span></p><div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2873" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 458px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/r_udo1.jpg" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="r_udo1" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2873" class="wp-image-2873 size-full" height="310" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/r_udo1.jpg" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/r_udo1.jpg 448w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/r_udo1-300x208.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="448" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2873" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">En la cafetería ubicada en el primer piso del edificio de la Escuela de Ciencias. A la derecha, sentado delante de la columna vemos a Richard Eckert. A la izquierda, sentado frente a Eckert, está Rafael A. López, y al lado de López, está Loren Lockwood y al lado de Lockwood, está Vincenzo Giamberardino. Identificación hecha por Richard Eckert.</span></p></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">La oficina de Richard Eckart, mostrada arriba en la foto, era grande y espaciosa. Según él recuerda, en su primer año, en 1966, la compartía con Vincenzo Giamberardino, José Reyes, Loren Lockwood y Juan De Martín Marfil.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">En 1967, llegaron a la UDO de Kansas los físicos venezolanos anteriormente mencionados: Marco Figueroa y Nelson Sanguinetti quienes regresaron habiendo obtenido una maestría en física y se reincorporaron a sus actividades en el Departamento de Física. Sin embargo, varias referencias en las redes indican que ambos profesores se fueron de la UDO al poco tiempo de haber regresado de Kansas. Marco Figueroa es hoy en día profesor jubilado de Ingeniería Geofísica de la UCV y Nelson Sanguinetti es profesor de física jubilado de la USB y vive en Lawrence, Kansas en donde su hija <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.sadp.ku.edu/architecture/people/faculty/paolasanguinetti" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Paola Sanguinetti </a></span></strong>es profesora de Arquitectura en KU.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Claude Enrique Aveledo, quien como se mencionó, fue profesor a principios de los años sesenta, fue el primer físico del Plan KUUDO<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://catalog.lib.ku.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?bbid=1804906" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"> en obtener el doctorado (PhD) en Física en KU</a>.</span></strong> Regresó a Venezuela a principios de 1971, ocupando inmediatamente la jefatura del Departamento de Física de la UDO (y permaneció en esta institución hasta su jubilación).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A principios de los años 1970, las siguientes personas llegaron del exterior para ejercer como profesores en el Departamento de Física: el físico belga Etienne M. Cornelis; el físico austríaco Gunther Rötzer (quien trabajó en la UDO hasta su jubilación); en julio de 1971 llegó el físico experimental <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_punjab%C3%AD" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">punyabí</a></span></strong> Amar Singh (n.1941; B.Sc. Punjab University,1964; M.Sc., Panjabi University,1966; Ph.D., University of Kansas, 1971); el físico Ping-Kong Lai (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://opac.lib.rpi.edu/record=1206303?" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">PhD, Physics 1972</a></span></strong>, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute); <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://tulane.edu/sse/pep/alumni/phd-alumni/1970-1980/upload/utility-hartree-fock-slater-data-harrison.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Richard Wheeler Harrison</a></span></strong> (PhD, Tulane University 1972); y el físico costarricense, Fernando Carboni Escalante (1929-2001).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Existe un <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://ho.bib.udo.edu.ve/MP3s/Audio_Profesores/Annick%20Lopez/Annick_Lopez.swf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">audio</a></span></strong> interesante, aunque con un poco de ruido de fondo, de una entrevista realizada al profesor de Física <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://twitter.com/annicklopez" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Annick López</a> </span></strong>en la que, entre otros temas, él da detalles sobre su experiencia como estudiante en los inicios de los estudios de Física en la UDO.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/divider-Page-Breaker.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></a></p><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Small Worlds</span></h2><div class="wp-caption alignleft" id="attachment_2874" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #333333; float: left; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 274px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hilda.jpg" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Hilda" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2874" class="wp-image-2874" height="257" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 264px) 100vw, 264px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hilda.jpg" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hilda.jpg 335w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hilda-300x292.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="264" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2874" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A la izquierda, Mavis Wiseman, y a la derecha, Hilda Enoch, celebrado, en 1998, el 30 aniversario de Small Worlds.</span></p></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Un hecho llamativo, aunque tangente al Plan KUUDO, pero que pienso vale la pena mencionar, fue la creación en <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Lawrence, Kansas</a></span></strong> de la organización <a href="http://smallworldlawrence.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: maroon;">S</span><span style="color: maroon;">mall Worlds</span></strong></a> fundada por Hilda Enoch (esposa del profesor Jacob Enoch) en colaboración con Mavis Wiseman (esposa de Gordon Gray Wiseman), Mimi Montgomery (esposa del matemático Phil Montgomery) y Georgiana Torres (esposa de Andrew Torres). Small Worlds surge producto de las experiencias y las dificultades que tuvieron las esposas de los profesores del plan KUUDO para desenvolverse en Cumaná (inmovilidad por falta de transporte, y con niños muy pequeños en casa, falta de dominio del idioma, y sensación aislamiento y de estar encerrado, entre otras).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A su regreso a Kansas, ellas se preguntaron si las esposas de los estudiantes venezolanos del plan KUUDO en Lawrence, Kansas y las esposas de otros estudiantes y profesores extranjeros no estarían pasando por situaciones similares por las que ellas pasaron en Venezuela. Encontraron que sí, que efectivamente las situaciones eran similares, y entonces ellas, lideradas por Hilda Enoch, fundaron la asociación Small Worlds para paliar la dificultades de las esposas de los estudiantes/profesores extranjeros asociados con la universidad. Para mayo de 1968, el programa de Small World, asociado a la <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.firstpreslawrence.org/connecting/small_world.html" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">First Presbyterian Church</a></span></strong>, abarcaba a 112 mujeres y 89 niños (para detalles leer <span style="color: maroon;"><strong><a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19980511&id=fHoyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CekFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6094,55816" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">reseña</a></strong></span>).</span></p><div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2875" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 488px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hilda-1968.jpg" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Hilda-1968" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2875" class="wp-image-2875 size-full" height="373" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 478px) 100vw, 478px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hilda-1968.jpg" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hilda-1968.jpg 478w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hilda-1968-300x234.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="478" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2875" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hilda Enoch en 1968 con un grupo de niños del recién fundado proyecto Small Worlds.</span></p></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Además de ser un gesto loable y noble, la acción en sí misma es una muestra del carácter emprendedor y comunitario de la vida religiosa y del poder de la actividad colectiva (o vida asociativa) que es tan característica en los Estados Unidos de América. La vida comunitaria y de auto-organización social, que nace con el mismo proceso fundacional de la nación estadounidense, es en gran parte un producto de sectarismo protestante en los EE.UU. (sectarismo en el sentido de que hay muchas denominaciones de fe protestantes), el cual es la fuente de tanto el individualismo como del comunitarismo estadounidense (detalles sobre el origen de esta dicotomía se encuentran en Francis Fukuyama, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Trust-Social-Virtues-Creation-Prosperity/dp/0684825252" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity</a></em></span></strong>, 1996 (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://books.google.co.ve/books?id=kNSLBoJqIm8C&pg=PA269&lpg=PA269&dq=fukuyama+on+trust+eagles+don%27t+flock&source=bl&ots=t_6sFKJeoz&sig=kJyGXc0Ch-u-7M3PssiBcB0VlUI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=b58VUoOFGcn12wWz9oHYBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=fukuyama%20on%20trust%20eagles%20don't%20flock&f=false" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Capítulos 23, y 24</a></span></strong>). Las organizaciones de carácter voluntario y comunitario, con frecuencia de origen religioso, constituyen una gran fuerza político-social en los Estados Unidos. En el pasado este espíritu comunitario y de vida asociativa generó altos niveles de confianza y de capital social en esta nación norteamericana. En épocas más recientes, sin embargo, el sentido de comunidad y los altos niveles de capital social en la sociedad estadounidense se han deteriorado.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/divider-Page-Breaker.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></a></p><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">UDO y la producción científica </span></strong></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hoy en día en la UDO, entre estudiantes, profesores y trabajadores, hacen vida un aproximado de 80 mil personas. Si bien, en términos generales la Universidad de Oriente ha sido exitosa en la graduación de profesionales universitarios y en la prestación de servicio a las comunidades, las estadísticas, sin duda señalan que la investigación científica y la publicación de artículos no han sido una prioridad en la Universidad de Oriente.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">En la UDO la actividad de investigación científica no ha llegado a tener el auge y la relevancia que esta importante actividad universitaria ha tenido y tiene en otras universidades nacionales como la UCV, ULA y LUZ (la Universidad del Zulia cuya Facultad de Ciencias se fundó en 1976). Dicho esto, hay que hacer la salvedad de que en en la UDO si existen, o han existido, algunas entidades exitosas en la investigación científica como el ya mencionado <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://iov.sucre.udo.edu.ve/contenido.php?id=3&sub=1" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Instituto Oceanográfico</a></span></strong>, el <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://csudo.sucre.udo.edu.ve/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Centro de Sismología</a></span></strong>, el Laboratorio de Dispositivos Semiconductores de Amar Singh, y, más recientemente, el Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina y Ciencias Aplicadas “Susan Tai” (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://twitter.com/iibcaudo" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">IIBCAUBO</a></span></strong>, nombrado en honor a la científica taiwanesa-venezolana, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.svmm.org.ve/personal/presidencia/susan-tai-1992-1995/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Dra. Susan Tai</a></span></strong>).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Las <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/lowtemplab/venezuela-1982-2012" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">estadísticas sobre la productividad científica</a></span></strong> en Venezuela en los últimos 30 años (1982-2012) fueron publicadas recientemente por el físico <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/lowtemplab/researchers" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Ismardo Bonalde</a> </span></strong> (Licenciado en Física, UDO, 1985; M. Sc, IVIC, 1989; PhD Harvard University, 1998) quien es investigador del IVIC y miembro correspondiente de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas Matemáticas y Naturales (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.acfiman.org/site/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">ACFIMAN</a></span></strong>). Las estadísticas muestran el gran declive general en la productividad científica nacional en los últimos cinco años y, en relación con la UDO, el estudio muestra que la producción científica de esta universidad históricamente ha sido de alrededor del 3-4% de la producción científica nacional.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO-produccion-cientifica1.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="UDO-produccion-cientifica" class="aligncenter wp-image-2885" height="417" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO-produccion-cientifica1.png" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO-produccion-cientifica1.png 703w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO-produccion-cientifica1-300x278.png 300w" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="450" /></span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO-VEN-21.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="UDO-VEN-2" class="aligncenter wp-image-2886" height="384" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO-VEN-21.png" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO-VEN-21.png 700w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/UDO-VEN-21-300x255.png 300w" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="450" /></span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Quien escribe piensa que una de las razones por las cuales las actividades científicas no arraigaron en la UDO desde un principio puede estar relacionada con el hecho de que, en el proceso de planificación y creación de la UDO, como ya se indicó, estuvo en manos de un grupo de profesionales con mucho peso político pero en donde hubo poca participación de la gente de ciencias (ver Yajaira Freites, <a href="http://www.ivic.gob.ve/estudio_de_la_ciencia/Estrategiasde.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: maroon;">Estrategias de los científicos venezolanos para desarrollar núcleos de ciencia en la periferia</span></strong>,</a> Parima, No. 4: 73-90, 1998). Otra razón pudo haber sido el sectarismo político (ej.: exigir militancia partidista para ejercer cargos directivos y tener acceso a los recursos) y las secuelas que este tipo de políticas tiene para el buen desarrollo de una organización. Sin embargo, se aclara, que esto son solo especulaciones personales, ya que quien escribe no conoce de ningún estudio de sociología de la ciencia que haya abordado el problema de la baja productividad científica en la UDO.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Las primeras publicaciones del Departamento de Física </span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Se realizó un ejercicio utilizando <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></span> </strong>(entendiendo que los resultados obtenidos con esta herramienta a veces son incompletos) para determinar cuales fueron las primeras publicaciones del Departamento de Física de la UDO. Se utilizó 1960-1972 como ventana de tiempo y se realizaron varias búsquedas usando las siguientes palabras claves:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1) “Department of Physics”, Cumana, Venezuela<br />2) “Department of Physics”, Oriente, Venezuela,<br />3) “Departamento de Fisica”, Cumana, Venezuela<br />4) “Departamento de Fisica”, Oriente, Venezuela<br />5) “University of Oriente” Cumana, Venezuela</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El resultado de las cinco búsquedas fue de tres artículos, todos pertenecientes al año 1972:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(1) Un trabajo del professor austríaco <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.tuwien.ac.at/aktuelles/news_detail/article/5068/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Hans Peter Degischer</a>, </span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786437208227369" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: maroon;"><em>Diffraction contrast from coherent precipitates in elastically-anisotropic materials</em></span> </a></strong>(Degischer fue profesor en la UDO entre 1972-1975),</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(2) Un artículo de Fernando Carboni Escalante (1929-2001), en coautoría con Peter Richards, titulado<strong><span style="color: maroon;"> <em><a href="http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v5/i5/p2014_1" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Spin Waves in Finite Spin-½ Heisenberg Chain</a></em><a href="http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v5/i5/p2014_1" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">s</a></span></strong> (Carboni fue un ingeniero civil costarricense muy aventajado que recibió una beca para hacer un doctorado en física en la University of Kansas. Para detalles sobre su vida, consultar:<strong><span style="color: maroon;"> <a href="https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/ingenieria/article/view/614/675" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Don Fernando Carboni E. Una semblanza: In Memoriam</a></span></strong>) y</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(3) Un artículo de Amar Singh de 1972 (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><em><a href="http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v5/i5/p1688_1" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Magnetic Field Dependence of Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Neodymium Ethylsulfate</a></em>)</span></strong>, en coautoría con Richard Sapp, que está asociado con su tesis doctoral.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(4) Existe un cuarto artículo de 1970 que es opaco a las palabras claves utilizadas en el algoritmo búsqueda de Google Schoolar (ver nota²). La primera publicación en una revista arbitrada relacionada con el Departamento de Física de la UDO es un artículo de Claude E. Aveledo, en coautoría con J. P. Davidson, y que está asociado a la tesis doctoral de Aveledo (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><em><a href="http://prc.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v2/i5/p1934_1" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Higher-Order Deformations and Electric Monopole Transitions in Deformed Nuclei,</a></em></span></strong> “To be submitted by C. E. Aveledo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Kansas, on leave from the University of Oriente, Cumaná, Venezuela”).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Técnicamente hablando, solo los trabajos de Degischer y Carboni pueden ser considerados como investigaciones realizadas en la UDO. Los otros dos trabajos, el de Claude Aveledo y Amar Singh, son las publicaciones en revistas arbritradas correspondientes a sus tesis de doctorado realizadas en la University of Kansas.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Traducción de textos y patentes</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Existen tres detalles interesante sobre el Departamento de Física de la UDO. Veamos aquí los dos primeros:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>(1) Traducciones:</strong> La labor de traducción de libros que hicieron varios de sus profesores quienes tradujeron al español el libro <a href="http://fisica.ru/dfmg/teacher/archivos/Alonso_Finn_tomo_II.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: maroon;">Campos y Ond</span><span style="color: maroon;">as</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color: maroon;"> </span></strong>de Marcelo Alonso (1921-2005) y Edward Finn (Carlos Alberto Heras y José A. Barreto Araujo) y realizaron la traducción al español de los tres tomos de <em>Feynman Lectures on Physics</em> (Carlos Alberto Heras, Omar Bernaola, y Rafael López Frontado) y</span></p><div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2877" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 304px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Alonso-Fin.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Alonso-Fin" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2877" class="wp-image-2877 size-full" height="442" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 294px) 100vw, 294px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Alonso-Fin.png" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Alonso-Fin.png 294w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Alonso-Fin-200x300.png 200w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="294" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2877" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Los traductores del libro Campos y Ondas de Marcelo Alonso y Edward Finn. El otro libro Mecánica no fue traducido por ellos sino por dos profesores peruanos (Carlos Hernández y Víctor Latorre) de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería de Lima.</span></p></div><div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2876" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 517px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Alonso-Fin-Heras.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Alonso-Fin-Heras" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2876" class="wp-image-2876 size-full" height="222" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Alonso-Fin-Heras.png" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Alonso-Fin-Heras.png 507w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Alonso-Fin-Heras-300x131.png 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="507" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2876" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tomado del prólogo a la edición en español del libro Campos y Ondas.</span></p></div><div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_2106" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 540px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Feyman-en-espa%C3%B1ol.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Feyman en español" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2106" class="wp-image-2106 size-full" height="280" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 530px) 100vw, 530px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Feyman-en-espa%C3%B1ol.png" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Feyman-en-español.png 530w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Feyman-en-español-300x158.png 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="530" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2106" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Edición bilingüe de la Feynman Lectures on Physics traducidas por Carlos Alberto Heras, Omar Bernaola, y Rafael López Frontado.</span></p></div><blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 20px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 30px 0px 20px;"><p style="margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://historico.elpais.com.uy/Suple/Cultural/09/03/06/cultural_402079.asp" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">TRES TOMOS ROJOS</a></span></strong>. Un hecho singular caracterizó a la primera edición del libro en español. Era bilingüe, algo que podría esperarse de obras de Shakespeare o Joyce, pero es muy raro en un libro de física para un primer curso universitario. La edición consistía en tres pesados tomos, similares en tamaño, peso y color a un ladrillo, que la editorial Fondo Educativo Interamericano decidió publicar así para que no se perdieran los modismos y giros idiomáticos del profesor en su clase. Con el tiempo aquellos queridos tomos rojos de formato apaisado dieron lugar a otra edición de tapas azules con el texto exclusivamente en español (y su peso reducido a la mitad).</span></p></blockquote><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>(2) Patentes:</strong> A tres de los profesores de física de la UDO le fueron otorgadas patentes industriales (en Venezuela es poco común que los profesores de física detenten patentes– no así los egresados en física como ya mostré, para el caso de la UCV, en el ensayo, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/ensayos/tener-fe-fisica-con-emprendimiento/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Debemos tener FE (Física con Emprendimiento)</a></span></strong>.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Los profesores de física de la UDO con patentes son los profesores:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Gunther Rötze:</strong> <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4718593&id=cSowAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=Gunther+R%C3%B6tzer+cumana&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><em>Method of forming alloyed metal contacts on rough saw-damaged silicon surfaces</em></a> </span></strong>y tiene también la <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.patentesonline.cl/metodo-para-la-formacion-de-contactos-aleados-entre-un-electrodo-metalico-y-una-superficie-9257ve.html" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">patente venezolana</a></span></strong> correspondiente;</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Max Robinson</strong>: profesor canadiense-venezolano de física, su patente se llama <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com%2Fpdfs%2FUS5228781.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><em>Thermometer</em></a></span></strong>. Existe el <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://ho.bib.udo.edu.ve/MP3s/Audio_Profesores/Max%20Robinson/Max_Robinson.swf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">audio</a></span></strong> de una entrevista en donde el profesor Robinson menciona que, como la UDO no se interesó por la invención, al final el desarrollo se logró patentar con la participación de una universidad canadiense; y</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Omar Bernaola</strong> (1937-2013): <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US3847155.pdf." rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Methods for the elimination of scars using copolymer films in place of surgical sutures</a>. </span></strong><span style="color: maroon;"><span style="color: black;">Para detalles sobre la vida de este profesor de la UDO (y la UNIMET) ver el el trabajo (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.barilochesemanal.com.ar/noticias/omar-bernaola,-discipulo-de-enrique-gaviola_387" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Omar Bernaola, discípulo de Enrique Gaviola</a></span></strong>).</span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Laboratorio de Dispositivos Semiconductores</span></strong></p><div class="wp-caption alignleft" id="attachment_2878" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #333333; float: left; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; padding: 4px 0px 5px; text-align: center; width: 231px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Amar-Singh2.jpg" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Amar-Singh" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2878" class="wp-image-2878" height="222" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 221px) 100vw, 221px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Amar-Singh2-1020x1024.jpg" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Amar-Singh2-1020x1024.jpg 1020w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Amar-Singh2-150x150.jpg 150w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Amar-Singh2-300x300.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="221" /></span></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2878" style="line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/proyecto-ves/ves-i-amar-singh-y-el-laboratorio-de-dispositivos-semiconductores-parte-i/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">Profesor Amar Singh</span></a></span></strong></p></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El tercer aspecto interesante fue la creación en el Departamento de Física, Escuela de Ciencias, Núcleo Sucre, Universidad de Oriente (UDO) del Laboratorio de Dispositivos Semiconductores (1978-1998) por parte del <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/proyecto-ves/ves-i-amar-singh-y-el-laboratorio-de-dispositivos-semiconductores-parte-i/" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">profesor Amar Singh</a></span></strong>. Los dispositivos <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www4.ujaen.es/~egimenez/FUNDAMENTOSFISICOS/semiconductores.pdf" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">semiconductores</a></span></strong> (diodos, transistores, MOS (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)<i>, </i>termistores, rectificadores controlados de silicio–en inglés SCR: Silicon Controlled Rectifier) son elementos esenciales en los equipos electrónicos y como elementos <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.utm.mx/temas/temas-docs/ensayo2t15.pdf" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">amplificadores de luz</a></span></strong>.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Probablemente el único hombre con turbante en el oriente venezolano, y con toda seguridad el único en toda la física venezolana, una indumentaria asociada con su religión sije (<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">sikh</a></span></strong>, en inglés), el profesor Amar Singh hizo ciencia aplicada de alto nivel en una institución, según revelan las estadísticas presentadas, con poca tradición en la investigación científica. Con mucho esfuerzo, liderazgo, dedicación y talento, Amar Singh creó en la provincia venezolana (Cumaná, Estado Sucre) una experiencia importante y exitosa en la física experimental en Venezuela la cual es digna de ser conocida ampliamente. Los logros y el progreso de la carrera profesional de Amar Singh, a pesar de los obstáculos presentados, son un claro ejemplo para nuestros jóvenes universitarios interesados en hacer en el país ciencia aplicada de alto nivel. Por eso, actualmente, dentro del <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/proyecto-ves" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Proyecto VES</a></span></strong>, estamos escribiendo un ensayo sobre la saga de su vida y la épica de la creación del Laboratorio de Dispositivos Semiconductores.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/divider-Page-Breaker.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></a></p><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>¿Por qué venir a Venezuela?</strong></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Una pregunta para finalizar: ¿Por qué físicos como Amar Singh y Loren Lockwood se vienen desde Kansas a trabajar en Venezuela? ¿Por qué no se quedan en los EE. UU., en donde investigar es mucho más fácil ya que, en primer lugar, existe en las universidades una cultura arraigada de investigación científica, y en segundo lugar, porque existe la infraestructura necesaria para hacer ciencia y, en líneas generales, hay buen financiamiento para desarrollar ideas y proyectos científicos? En una mirada retrospectiva la respuesta es muy sencilla.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A principios de los años setenta el mercado laboral para los físicos estaba muy difícil. De hecho, el año 1970 está calificado como un año catastrófico en la historia del empleo de los físicos en EE. UU. (ver, <span style="color: maroon;"><strong><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/jachegoyo/job-shortage-hits-older-physicists-hardest-1970" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Job shortage hits older physicists hardest</a></strong></span>). Entre 1963 y 1969, el gobierno de Lyndon B. Johnson inició una escalada en la <span style="color: maroon;"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Guerra de Vietnam</a></strong></span> (de 2.000 soldados que había en 1961 se pasó 200 mil para diciembre de 1965). Para principios de los años setenta la guerra consumía grandes recursos financieros del presupuesto federal y el gobierno disminuyó el financiamiento de la investigación científica.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Por otra parte, en 1969, los EE. UU. colocaron al hombre en la Luna y al lograr el objetivo bajó la presión política para obtener mayores recursos para la NASA (en 1966 el presupuesto de la NASA era 4,46% del presupuesto federal de gobierno de los EE. UU., para 1970 era 1,92% y para 1971, el 1,61%). Adicionalmente la escasez de profesores en los colegios universitarios y universidades estadounidenses terminó en 1969.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A partir de 1967, la demanda de físicos en los Estados Unidos disminuyó porque los nuevos empleos dependían de la investigación financiada por el gobierno federal. Sin embargo, durante los años sesenta las universidades estadounidenses continuaron produciendo físicos con una tasa de aumento del 8% anual hasta alcanzar un máximo histórico de 1.545 nuevos PhD en 1970-1971.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Adicionalmente, al haber una superabundancia de físicos en el mercado, el salario real de los físicos disminuyó. En un estudio sobre las condiciones del mercado laboral para los graduados con PhD (R. B. Freeman y D. W. Breneman, 1974³) se encontró un retroceso en el mercado laboral para los físicos con doctorado (PhD) entre los años 1964 a 1973. Freeman y Breneman observaron que, entre 1964 y 1969, el salario anual real de los físicos con PhD se incrementó en un 14,7%, pero, entre 1969 y 1973, el salario real de los Doctores en Física (PhD) se redujo en 23,1 %.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El desempleo de los nuevos físicos con PhD para 1971 era del 4% y el porcentaje no fue más grande porque un 14% de los físicos con PhD salió a buscar empleo en el exterior y lo consiguió. Entre ellos: Amar Singh, Loren Lockwood y Richard Eckert.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Phd-production.png" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Phd-production" class="aligncenter wp-image-2879" height="398" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px" src="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Phd-production.png" srcset="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Phd-production.png 957w, https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Phd-production-300x217.png 300w" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="550" /></span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Las razones por las cuales Amar Singh y Loren Lockwood vienen a Venezuela son ahora claras. En EE. UU. no había oportunidades de empleo, la University of Kansas se había relacionado con UDO por medio del plan KUUDO, y Carlos E. Aveledo, recién llegado de Kansas, luego de haber obtenido el PhD en Física, era el jefe del Departamento de Física de la UDO. Por otra parte, Amar Singh y Loren Lockwood buscaban empleo y la UDO necesitaba tener profesores de Física con estudios de cuarto nivel.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Y, otro aspecto muy importante, para la época el salario de las universidades venezolanas<span style="color: maroon;"><strong> <a href="https://chegoyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/sueldos-1960.png" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">continuaba siendo relativamente competitivo</a></strong></span> con los salarios en los Estados Unidos. La única gran diferencia con el norte era la falta de tradición en la investigación científica en las universidades venezolanas y, en particular, en la UDO.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Esta situación de crisis en el mercado laboral estadounidense para los físicos afectó a varios de los participantes extranjeros en el plan KUUDO haciéndoles repensar sus objetivos personales y llevándolos a explorar caminos alternativos para desarrollar su profesión. Así, después de terminar su doctorados en KU, Richard Eckert consigue empleo en el Departamento de Física de la Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico (y hace uso de su experiencia enseñando física en español aprendida en la UDO). Loren Lockwood se regresa a Venezuela al terminar su PhD en KU e ingresa como profesor en la UDO. Vaughn Nelson, luego de regresarse a los EE. UU., en 1969, se enfoca en la investigación en energías alternativas en West Texas State University (hoy, <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.wtamu.edu/" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">WTAM University</a></span></strong>). Y, Amar Singh, al terminar su <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://catalog.lib.ku.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?bbid=1804918" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">PhD en física experimental</a></span></strong> en magnetismo en sólidos a bajas temperaturas, y sin conocer el idioma, inicia su épica aventura en Venezuela.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">__________________________________</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">NOTAS:</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(1) Los cuatro primeros egresados (todos eventualmente ingresaron en la UDO como profesores de física) y sus tesis de Licenciatura en Física (en marrón) y postgrado son :</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>José Franco Sarabia</strong><br />Diseño teórico y experimental de un cañon electrónico del tipo Pierce con simetría axial, 1973.<br />Junction operation in the presence of deep impurities, PhD, University of Cincinnati, 1986.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>José Luis Gil Zambrano</strong><br />Conmutador electrónico de alta corriente y sistema óptico para medir el coeficiente de Peltier, 1973.<br />Electrical properties of thin organic polymer layers, PhD, Imperial College, University of London, 1981.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Jesús Alberto Medina Peña</strong><br />Modificación del sistema óptico-electrónico de detección de un espectrofotómetro para la gama de 4000 Angstroms hasta 700 micras, 1973.<br />Raman Spectroscopic Study of Some Crystals at Variable Pressure and Temperature. PhD, King’s College, University of London, 1982.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Luis Daniel Beauperthuy Urich</strong><br />Resistividad eléctrica del silicio dopado en concentraciones de boro superiores a 1020 cm3, 1973.<br />Partial wave theory of ionized impurity scattering in degenerate n-type silicon and germanium, M Sc, University of Maine, 1980.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(2) Aunque este artículo incluye la frase <University of Oriente, Cumaná, Venezuela> el artículo es opaco bajo los criterios utilizados. La referencia a este artículo solo aparece en Google Scholar si se usa <Aveledo, Physics> como palabras claves. La causa por la cual las otras búsquedas no detectaron el registro es porque el enlace</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://prc.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v2/i5/p1934_1" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;">http://prc.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v2/i5/p1934_1</a>,</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">que trae la mención a <University of Oriente, Cumaná, Venezuela> es totalmente opaco a los algoritmos de búsqueda de Google Schoolar, y no aparece incluso usando <Aveledo, Physics>. Al usar <Aveledo, Physics> como palabras claves, con la restricción temporal (1960-1972) la referencia al artículo proviene de las bases de datos de <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970PhRvC...2.1934A" rel="noopener" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System</a></span></strong> la cual no incluye la mención secundaria a <University of Oriente, Cumaná, Venezuela>. Se da está explicación para dejar claro que los algoritmos de búsqueda de Google Scholar no detectan todo lo que hay en la redes.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(3)Freeman, R. B., and D. W. Breneman, 1974, “Forecasting the Ph.D. Labor Market: Pitfalls for Policy.” Technical Report #2. Printing and Publishing Office, National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">SOBRE EL AUTOR: José G. Álvarez Cornett ( <span style="color: maroon;"><a href="https://twitter.com/Chegoyo" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">@Chegoyo</a></span> en Twitter )</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; margin: 10px 0px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Miembro de <strong><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://coener2010.blogspot.com/" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">COENER</a></span></strong>, del grupo “<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><em><a href="http://mglmrtn.wix.com/pmbioc#!whoweare/c21zf" style="color: maroon; text-decoration-line: none;">Physics and Mathematics for Biomedical Consortium</a></em></span></strong>“, y de la American Physical Society (APS). Representante de los Egresados ante el Consejo de Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, UCV.</span></p></div><div><span style="color: maroon;">Fuente: <a href="https://chegoyo.com/">https://chegoyo.com/</a></span></div>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-47599353329005474042022-03-15T08:54:00.005-04:002022-03-15T08:54:47.167-04:00 Atajos de comandos en Visual Studio Code<p> </p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #430707; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; letter-spacing: -0.42px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.6em 0px 0px;">Aprendiendo los atajos de teclado de VSC</h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; margin: 20px 0px;">Todas las funciones del programa están a nuestro alcance con el ratón, dentro de sus menús. Sin embargo, dependiendo lo que estemos haciendo, quitar las manos del teclado e ir al ratón, buscar y hacer clic para realizar una determinada tarea puede ser poco productivo.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; margin: 20px 0px;">Microsoft ha adaptado su editor de código para facilitar su uso gracias a los atajos de teclado. Un atajo de teclado es una <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">combinación de teclas pre-configurada</span> para realizar una determinada acción. Estos atajos pueden ser una tecla sola (por ejemplo, las teclas F) o ser una combinación de teclas, las cuales suelen usar normalmente el Control o el Alt como lanzadores.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; margin: 20px 0px;">Podemos encontrar una gran cantidad de atajos dentro de Visual Studio Code. Algunos de ellos nos permiten usar las funciones básicas del programa con mayor facilidad, como, por ejemplo:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; list-style: none; padding-left: 35px;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + K + S -> abrir la lista de atajos de teclado.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + P -> abrir la paleta de comandos.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + , -> abrir los ajustes.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + X -> cambiar el panel de extensiones.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + T -> abrir el panel de búsqueda rápida universal.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + N -> abrir nuevo archivo.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + N -> abrir nueva ventana.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + F4 -> cerrar archivo.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + W -> cerrar ventana.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">F11 -> poner en pantalla completa.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + B -> mostrar u ocultar la barra lateral.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; margin: 20px 0px;">También podemos aprovecharnos de estos atajos de teclado para <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">controlar el uso</span> de los archivos de código. Por ejemplo:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; list-style: none; padding-left: 35px;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + O -> abrir archivo.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + S -> guardar archivo.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + S -> guardar archivo como</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + T -> abrir última pestaña cerrada.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; margin: 20px 0px;">Visual Studio Code nos facilita también una gran cantidad de atajos de teclado que nos ayudan a <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">movernos por todo el editor</span> de código a poder editarlo con mayor comodidad. Los más importantes son:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; list-style: none; padding-left: 35px;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + C -> copiar selección o la línea que tengamos activada en esos momentos.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + X -> cortar selección o la línea que tengamos activada en esos momentos.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + V -> pegar el contenido del portapapeles.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + K -> borrar línea.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Inicio -> ir al principio de la línea.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Fin -> ir al final de la línea.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Inicio -> ir al principio del archivo.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Fin -> ir al final del archivo.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Alt + arriba/abajo -> subir o bajar una línea.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + / -> comentar una línea.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Shift + Alt + A -> comentar una región.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + ] -> añadir sangría.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + [ -> quitar sangría.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + P -> ir a un archivo.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + G -> ir a una línea.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + T -> mostrar todos los símbolos.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + O -> ir a un símbolo.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">F8 -> ir al siguiente warning del compilador.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Shift +F8 -> ir al anterior warning del compilador.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + M -> mostrar el panel de problemas.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + -> dividir el editor.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + 1/2/3 -> abrir uno de los editores.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + Avpag -> mover editor abajo.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + Repag -> mover editor arriba.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; margin: 20px 0px;">Y, por supuesto, VSC nos mostrará una serie de atajos de teclado que nos ayudarán a <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">editar el código</span> con mayor facilidad. Entre otros, podemos destacar:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; list-style: none; padding-left: 35px;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + F -> abrir el panel de búsqueda.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + H -> abrir el panel de reemplazar.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + H -> reemplazar en archivos.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">F3 -> buscar siguiente.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Shift + F3 -> buscar anterior.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Alt + Enter -> seleccionar todas las coincidencias de un mismo término.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + D -> añadir la selección actual a la búsqueda.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + L -> seleccionar línea actual.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Shift + L -> seleccionar todas las líneas de la sección actual.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + F2 -> seleccionar todas las coincidencias de una palabra actual.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Shift + Alt + Right Arrow -> expandir selección.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Shift + Alt + Left Arrow -> recoger selección.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Alt + Clic -> añadir cursor.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + Alt + arriba/abajo -> añadir cursor encima o debajo.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; position: relative;">Ctrl + U -> deshacer el último cursor.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; margin: 20px 0px;">Por último, el atajo de teclado «Ctrl + `» nos permite mostrar el terminal integrado dentro del programa, muy útil en las labores de depuración.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.23px; margin: 20px 0px;">Algunos de los atajos de teclado que acabamos de ver pueden cambiar en función del sistema operativo que utilicemos. En nuestro caso hemos puesto los atajos de teclado para Windows, pero si usamos macOS o Linux, aunque muchos coincidirán, otros (como Ctrl + F4, por ejemplo) estarán asignados a otras teclas.</p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-40079249586128941232022-03-04T08:16:00.001-04:002022-03-04T08:16:28.657-04:00Tutorial de JavaScript array.forEach(): Como iterar a través de elementos en un arreglo<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px;">En JavaScript, con frecuencia te verás en necesidad de iterar a través de una colección de arreglos y ejecutar un método callback por cada una de las iteraciones. Y para realizarlo hay un método muy útil que los desarrolladores de JavaScript típicamente utilizan: el método</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px;"> </span><code style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">forEach()</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px;">.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">El método <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">forEach()</code> llama a una función callback específica una vez por cada elemento sobre el que itera dentro de un arreglo. Al igual que otros iteradores de arreglos tales como <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">map</code> y <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">filter</code>, la función callback puede recibir tres parámetros.</p><ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 1.3em; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.3em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">El elemento actual: Este es el elemento del arreglo por el cual se está haciendo la iteración.</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.3em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Su índice: Este es el índice de la posición que tiene el elemento dentro del arreglo.</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.3em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">El arreglo objetivo: Este es el arreglo por el cual se está haciendo la iteración.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">El método <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">forEach</code> no regresa un nuevo arreglo al igual que lo hacen otros iteradores tal como <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">filter</code>, <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">map</code> y <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">sort</code>. En cambio, el método devuelve el valor <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">undefined</code> por sí solo. Por lo tanto no se puede encadenar como los otros métodos.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Otra cosa acerca de <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">forEach</code> es que no puedes terminar el bucle (con la instrucción break) o hacerlo saltarse una iteración (con la sentencia continue). En otras palabras, no lo puedes controlar.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">La única manera de finalizar un bucle <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">forEach</code> es incluyendo una excepción dentro de la función callback. No te preocupes, pronto veremos todo esto en la práctica.</p><h2 id="como-usar-el-m-todo-foreach-en-javascript" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 3.6rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.2em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Como usar el método </span><code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 28.8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach()</span></code><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> en JavaScript</span></h2><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Imagina que un grupo de estudiantes hacen una fila para el pase de lista de rutina. El coordinador de la clase se mueve a través de la fila y dice el nombre de cada uno de los estudiantes mientras marca si están presentes o ausentes.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Es importante hacer mención que el coordinador no cambia el orden de los estudiantes en la fila. También los mantiene en la misma fila después de terminar el pase de lista. Todo lo que realiza es una acción (su inspección) en cada uno de ellos.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">En los siguientes ejemplos, teniendo en mente este escenario, veremos como puedes utilizar el método <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">forEach</code> para resolver problemas de la vida real con JavaScript.</p><h2 id="ejemplos-del-m-todo-foreach-en-javascript" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 3.6rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.2em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ejemplos del método </span><code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 28.8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach()</span></code><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> en JavaScript</span></h2><h3 id="como-remover-el-primer-n-mero-impar-en-un-arreglo-con-foreach-" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 2.8rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.2em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Como remover el primer número impar en un arreglo con </span><code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 22.4px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach()</span></code></h3><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">En este ejemplo, tenemos un arreglo que contiene un número impar en la primera posición y varios números pares después. Pero solo queremos números pares en este arreglo. Así que vamos a remover el número impar del arreglo usando el bucle <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">forEach()</code>:</p><pre class=" language-js" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1.4rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;"><code class=" language-js" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">let</span> numeros <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">12</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">let</span> impar <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
numeros<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">function</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">numero</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">if</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span>numero <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">===</span> impar<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>
numeros<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">shift</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token comment" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: slategrey; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">// 3 será borrado del arreglo</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span>
console<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">log</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span>numeros<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">12</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span> <span class="token comment" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: slategrey; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">// Todos son pares!</span></code></pre><h3 id="como-acceder-a-la-propiedad-del-ndice-con-foreach-" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 2.8rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.2em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Como acceder a la propiedad del índice con </span><code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 22.4px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach()</span></code></h3><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">En este ejemplo, vamos a ejecutar la función <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">pasarLista</code> por cada uno de los estudiantes por los que se recorrió el bucle dentro del arreglo. La función <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">pasarLista</code> solamente registra en la consola una cadena perteneciente a cada uno de los estudiantes.</p><pre class=" language-js" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1.4rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;"><code class=" language-js" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">nombres <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"anna"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"beth"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"chris"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"daniel"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"ethan"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">function</span> <span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pasarLista</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>
console<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">log</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token template-string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">`Está el numero de estudiante </span><span class="token interpolation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">${</span>indice <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">+</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> -</span><span class="token interpolation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">${</span>nombre<span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> - presente? Sí!`</span></span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span>
numeros<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=></span> <span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pasarLista</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span>nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
<span class="token comment" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: slategrey; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/*
"Está el número de estudiante 1 - anna presente? Sí!"
"Está el número de estudiante 2 - beth presente? Sí!"
"Está el número de estudiante 3 - chris presente? Sí!"
"Está el número de estudiante 4 - daniel presente? Sí!"
"Está el número de estudiante 5 - ethan presente? Sí!"
*/</span></code></pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">En este ejemplo, el nombre era la única información que teníamos sobre cada estudiante. Sin embargo, también queremos saber cuáles pronombres usa cada estudiante. En otras palabras, queremos definir una propiedad pronombre para cada estudiante.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Entonces vamos a definir a cada estudiante como un objeto con dos propiedades, nombre y pronombre:</p><pre class=" language-js" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1.4rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;"><code class=" language-js" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">nombres <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"anna"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span>pronombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"ella"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"beth"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span>pronombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"elle"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"chris"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span>pronombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"él"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"daniel"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span>pronombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"él"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"ethan"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span>pronombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"él"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">function</span> <span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pasarLista</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">estudiante<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>
console<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">log</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token template-string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">`El número de estudiante </span><span class="token interpolation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">${</span>indice <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">+</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span class="token interpolation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">${</span>estudiante<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span>nombre<span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. Está </span><span class="token interpolation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">${</span>estudiante<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span>pronombre<span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> presente? Sí!`</span></span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span>
numeros<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=></span> <span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pasarLista</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span>nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
<span class="token comment" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: slategrey; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/*
"El número de estudiante 1 es anna. Está ella presente? Sí!"
"El número de estudiante 2 es beth. Está elle presente? Sí!"
"El número de estudiante 3 es chris. Está él presente? Sí!"
"El número de estudiante 4 es daniel. Está él presente? Sí!"
"El número de estudiante 5 es ethan. Está él presente? Sí!"
*/</span></code></pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Estamos registrando en la consola el pase de lista de cada estudiante, luego realizamos una verificación para ver qué pronombre usa cada estudiante, y finalmente pasamos dinámicamente el pronombre correcto como parte de la cadena.</p><h3 id="como-copiar-un-arreglo-en-un-nuevo-arreglo-con-foreach-en-javascript" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 2.8rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.2em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Como copiar un arreglo en un nuevo arreglo con <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach()</code> en JavaScript</span></h3><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Después de tres años de estudio, es tiempo de que cada estudiante se gradúe. En nuestro JavaScript, vamos a definir dos arreglos: <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">aunEstudiante</code> y <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">yaGraduado</code>. Como probablemente adivinaste, <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">aunEstudiante</code> guarda el dato de los estudiantes antes de su graduación.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Posteriormente, el bucle <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">forEach</code> toma el dato de cada uno de los estudiantes y llama a la función <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">estudianteGraduado</code> en el.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">En esta función construimos un objeto con dos propiedades: el nombre de estudiante y la posición en la que se graduó. Luego pasamos el nuevo objeto al arreglo <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">yaGraduado</code>. A este punto, el estudiante ya se ha graduado.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Este ejemplo también demuestra como puede usar el método <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">forEach()</code> para copiar un arreglo dentro de un nuevo arreglo.</p><pre class=" language-js" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1.4rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;"><code class=" language-js" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">let</span> aunEstudiante <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"anna"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"beth"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"chris"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"daniel"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"ethan"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">let</span> yaGraduado <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">function</span> <span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">estudianteGraduado</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">estudiante<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">let</span> objeto <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span> nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> estudiante<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> posicion<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> indice <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">+</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span>
yaGraduado<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span>indice<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span> <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> objeto
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span>
aunEstudiante<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=></span> <span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">estudianteGraduado</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span>nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
console<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">log</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span>yaGraduado<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
<span class="token comment" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: slategrey; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/*
[
{ nombre: "anna", posición: 1},
{ nombre: "beth", posición: 2},
{ nombre: "chris", posición: 3},
{ nombre: "daniel", posición: 4},
{ nombre: "ethan", posicion: 5}]
]
*/</span></code></pre><h3 id="como-revisar-el-elemento-siguiente-en-un-arreglo-con-el-par-metro-arreglo" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 2.8rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.2em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Como revisar el elemento siguiente en un arreglo con el parámetro arreglo</span></h3><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">En algún momento, el profesor deberá verificar si la lista tiene a continuación un elemento en particular en la lista. En tal caso, el profesor deberá tener una visión amplia de toda la lista. De esa manera, puede saber si hay un próximo estudiante al cual llamar.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">En nuestro JavaScript, podemos replicar esto porque la función callback también puede acceder al parámetro (el tercero) del <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">arreglo</code>. Este parámetro representa el arreglo objetivo, que es <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">nombre</code>.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Verificamos si hay un siguiente elemento (estudiante) en el arreglo. Si lo hay, pasamos la cadena <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">positivo</code> a la variable <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">siguienteElemento</code>. Si no hay ninguno, pasamos la cadena <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">negativo</code> a la variable. Luego para cada iteración, revisamos si <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ese</span> estudiante es realmente el último.</p><pre class=" language-js" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1.4rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;"><code class=" language-js" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">nombres <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"anna"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"beth"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"chris"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"daniel"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"ethan"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">function</span> <span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pasarLista</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> arreglo</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">let</span> siguienteElemento <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> indice <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">+</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span> <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><</span> arreglo<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span>length <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">?</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"positivo"</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> <span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"negativo"</span>
console<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">log</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token template-string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">`Está el número de estudiante </span><span class="token interpolation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">${</span>indice <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">+</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> - </span><span class="token interpolation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">${</span>name<span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> presente? Sí!. Hay un próximo estudiante? </span><span class="token interpolation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">${</span>siguienteElemento<span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></span><span class="token string" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #669900; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">!`</span></span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span>
nombres<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> arreglo</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=></span> <span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pasarLista</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span>nombre<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> indice<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> arreglo<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span>
<span class="token comment" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: slategrey; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/*
"Está el número de estudiante 1 - anna presente? Sí!. Hay un próximo estudiante? positivo!"
"Está el número de estudiante 2 - beth presente? Sí!. Hay un próximo estudiante? positivo!"
"Está el número de estudiante 3 - chris presente? Sí!. Hay un próximo estudiante? positivo!"
"Está el número de estudiante 4 - daniel presente? Sí!. Hay un próximo estudiante? positivo!"
"Está el número de estudiante 5 - ethan presente? Sí!. Hay un próximo estudiante? negativo!"
*/</span>
</code></pre><h2 id="no-puedes-salir-del-bucle-foreach-en-su-lugar-utiliza-every-" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 3.6rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.2em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: inherit; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">No puedes salir del bucle <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach</code>, en su lugar utiliza <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">every()</code></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">¿Recuerdas cuando mencioné que, por su naturaleza, no puedes salir de un bucle <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">forEach</code>? Una vez iniciado, va a correr hasta que alcanza el último elemento del arreglo. Así que si insertas una declaración de <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">break</code>, te va a regresar un error de sintaxis, <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">SyntaxError</code>:</p><pre class=" language-js" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1.4rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;"><code class=" language-js" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">let</span> numeros <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">12</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">let</span> impar <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
numeros<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">forEach</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">function</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">numero</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">if</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span>numero <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">===</span> impar<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">break</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span> <span class="token comment" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: slategrey; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">// oops, esto no va a funcionar!</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span>
</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5em 0px 3em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="illegal" class="kg-image" height="101" loading="lazy" src="https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/content/images/2021/08/illegal.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 631px;" width="631" /></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Normalmente preferirías salir del bucle una vez que consigues que tu código realice su objetivo antes de alcanzar el último elemento. En nuestro ejemplo de arriba, ya encontramos el número impar (5), así no que no había necesidad de seguir iterando sobre los siguientes elementos (8 y 12).</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Si te deseas salir de un bucle en alguna condición, entonces te recomiendo utilizar cualquiera de los siguientes métodos.</p><ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 1.3em; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.3em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">bucle <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">for</code></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.3em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">bucle <a href="https://futurestud.io/tutorials/node-js-for-of-vs-for-in-loops" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">for…of</code> o <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">for…in</code></a></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.3em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">Array.some()</code></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.3em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">Array.every()</code></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.3em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">Array.find()</code></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Así es como puedes salirte de un bucle con <code style="background: var(--gray15); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-all;">Array.every()</code>:</p><pre class=" language-js" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1.4rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;"><code class=" language-js" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; hyphens: none; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">let</span> numeros <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">12</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">let</span> impar <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span> <span class="token number" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
numeros<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">every</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">numero</span> <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=></span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">if</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span>numero <span class="token operator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #9a6e3a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">==</span> impar<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">return</span> <span class="token boolean" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">false</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span>
console<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span class="token function" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #dd4a68; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">log</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span>numero<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0077aa; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">return</span> <span class="token boolean" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #990055; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">true</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span>
<span class="token comment" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: slategrey; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">// 2 4</span></code></pre><h2 id="cierre" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--gray85); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 3.6rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.2em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></h2><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a23; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-66956920755151793402022-01-14T09:28:00.001-04:002022-01-14T09:28:06.378-04:00Python 2 vs. Python 3<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhXeYc9cpqCEGYM8uuW_fW5gylgHVGexBcgrI-EU2U34fq0NwIMGF2qcrXlDwlVMLU8qkshp5XoSeIoLUH5WZc2gmx280rXfWJL7-eaYMOgjlaYf0sIHYGvt-lKRxDJdmz59vbv_mKWyIblTaAQXauJaNcEwY-MdCWpJExhWASUaYZuIT9gK5eaHSmdLQ=s620" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="620" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhXeYc9cpqCEGYM8uuW_fW5gylgHVGexBcgrI-EU2U34fq0NwIMGF2qcrXlDwlVMLU8qkshp5XoSeIoLUH5WZc2gmx280rXfWJL7-eaYMOgjlaYf0sIHYGvt-lKRxDJdmz59vbv_mKWyIblTaAQXauJaNcEwY-MdCWpJExhWASUaYZuIT9gK5eaHSmdLQ=w640-h286" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 17px;">Hoy te contamos quién fue el que lo Inventó, Guido Van Rossum, comenzó a trabajar en su proyecto en diciembre de 1989.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 17px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 22px;">Luego en 1999 definió sus metas para Python:</p><ol style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 17px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 15px;">un Lenguaje fácil e intuitivo, tan poderoso como aquellos de sus mayores competidores.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 17px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 15px;">open source de tal manera que todos puedan contribuir a su desarrollo</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 17px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 15px;">code que sea entendible en inglés plano</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 17px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 15px;">adecuado para tareas cotidianas, lo que permite tiempos de desarrollo cortos.</li></ol><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;">20 años después podemos decir que todas estas metas se han logrado con creces, hay algunos que ubican a Python como el lenguaje más popular, y en otras opiniones lo ubican en el 3 y 5 puesto en el mundo.</div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;">estas son las empresas que lo ubican el ranking de popularidad, hacé click en el link.</div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://pypl.github.io/" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1ea69a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">PYPL Popul</a><a href="https://pypl.github.io/" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1ea69a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">aritY of Progamming Language</a></div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;"><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1ea69a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">TIOBE Index for April 2020</a><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;"><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Que diferencia hay entre la versión 2 y la 3?</span></div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;">Hay 2 tipos de Python, uno llamado Python 2 y otro 3.</div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;">Python 2 es una antigua versión de Python original, se continúa utilizando, pero el lenguaje no se modifica más de manera significativa. Se mantiene con actualizaciones especialmente en seguridad. Se mantiene en uso porque hay gran cantidad de aplicaciones que lo emplean aún.</div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;"><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;">Python 3 es la versión corriente del lenguaje, continúa evolucionando y continúa creando sus propios hábitos y estándares.</div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;">Estas dos versiones de python no son compatibles una con otra, por lo que hagamos en python 3 no puede ser ejecutado en la versión 2.</div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;">Es muy costoso migrar de python 2 a 3, requiere que se ejecute de nuevo el programa.</div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212338; font-family: Proxima; font-size: 14px;">La versión 3 es mucho mejor que la versión anterior, y si vas a empezar un nuevo proyecto en Python deberías emplearla.</div><div><br /></div>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-65032928982377179722021-10-29T12:41:00.003-04:002021-10-29T12:41:50.989-04:00Varias maneras de mostrar la fecha del día de hoy en una página web con Javascript, para que aparezca con distintos formatos.<p> <span style="font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px;">En este artículo vamos a mostrar varias formas de mostrar la fecha actual en una página web y que esta sea dinámica, de modo que siempre se muestre la fecha del día de hoy, sin que nosotros tengamos que hacer nada, ni actualizar la página ni ninguna otra tarea de mantenimiento.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;">La manera más fácil de hacer esto, que no tiene ningún requisito para su funcionamiento, ni en lo relativo al servidor donde esté la página, ni al navegador con el que accede el usuario, es con Javascript. Bueno, en realidad requiere que el usuario que visita nuestra página tenga un navegador compatible con Javascript, pero eso en el momento actual es lo más común.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;">Las funciones con las que se calcula la fecha actual por medio de programación en el cliente nos las ofrece la clase Date de Javascript, que forma parte de cualquier Javascript, por antiguo que sea el navegador. En el artículo de DesarrollolloWeb.com <a href="http://www.desarrolloweb.com/articulos/744.php" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366ee; text-decoration-line: none;">Clase date en Javascript para manejo de fechas</a> ya se explicó cómo hacer nuestros propios códigos para obtener fechas en cualquier formato y con cualquier dato, lo que puede ser bueno para aprender las bases. En este artículo voy a dejar de lado las explicaciones y centrarme más en mostrar varios scripts, por separado, que nos pueden ayudar a crear una fecha con distintos formatos.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;">Podemos <a href="https://desarrolloweb.com/articulos/ejemplos/tallerjs/fechas-con-javascript.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366ee; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">ver en una página aparte todos los ejemplos de visualización de la fecha actual</a> que vamos a construir en este artículo.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.7em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 2rem;">Fecha básica con números</h2><span style="font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px;">Podemos utilizar el siguiente script, para mostrar la fecha en español con números, es decir, en el formato como se escribe en nuestro idioma: dia/mes/año.</span><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="codigo" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><script><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var f = new Date();<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write(f.getDate() + "/" + (f.getMonth() +1) + "/" + f.getFullYear());<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></script></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;">Este script de Javascript lo tenemos que colocar en el cuerpo de la página, en el lugar donde queremos que aparezca la fecha de hoy. Nosotros podremos colocar este script en cualquier contenedor donde queramos que aparezca, como un párrafo, una capa o división, una celda de una tabla, o donde deseemos.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.7em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 2rem;">Fecha con el nombre del mes</h2><span style="font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px;">Podríamos desear poner la fecha escrita, donde aparezca el nombre del mes con letras, es decir, algo como "9 de noviembre de 2009". Esto quedaría bien si queremos darle un toque más prosaico a la visualización de la fecha actual. Se consigue con un script como este:</span><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="codigo" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><script><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var meses = new Array ("Enero","Febrero","Marzo","Abril","Mayo","Junio","Julio","Agosto","Septiembre","Octubre","Noviembre","Diciembre");<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var f=new Date();<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write(f.getDate() + " de " + meses[f.getMonth()] + " de " + f.getFullYear());<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></script></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;">Como habrás podido comprobar, no tiene ninguna dificultad, pero tenemos que crear un array con los nombres de los meses en español, puesto que en Javascript no tenemos ninguna manera de conseguir esos nombres en nuestro idioma. Nuevamente, colocaremos el script en el lugar donde deseamos que aparezca escrita la fecha.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.7em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 2rem;">Fecha con nombre de més y nombre de día de la semana</h2><span style="font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px;">Ahora vamos a darle una vuelta de trueca al anterior script para generar el nombre del día de la semana. El esquema sigue siendo el mismo, pero ahora necesitaremos otro array con los nombres de los días de la semana. Con este script conseguiremos una fecha escrita que será parecida a esta: "Lunes, 9 de Noviembre de 2009".</span><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="codigo" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><script><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var meses = new Array ("Enero","Febrero","Marzo","Abril","Mayo","Junio","Julio","Agosto","Septiembre","Octubre","Noviembre","Diciembre");<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var diasSemana = new Array("Domingo","Lunes","Martes","Miércoles","Jueves","Viernes","Sábado");<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var f=new Date();<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write(diasSemana[f.getDay()] + ", " + f.getDate() + " de " + meses[f.getMonth()] + " de " + f.getFullYear());<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></script></span></p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.7em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 2rem;">Fecha con estilos CSS</h2><span style="font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px;">Ayudados de las </span><a href="https://desarrolloweb.com/manuales/manual-css-hojas-de-estilo.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366ee; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; text-decoration-line: none;">Hojas de estilo en Cascada</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px;">, vamos a mostrar la fecha con un poco de decoración gráfica. Para ello escribiremos la fecha en diversas cajas, a las que aplicaremos los estilos adecuados para que combine con el aspecto de nuestro sitio. En este caso vamos a requerir dos cosas:</span><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">El script para escribir la fecha, que colocaremos donde queramos que aparezca.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Código CSS con Las declaraciones de estilos, que podemos colocar antes de mostrar la fecha o bien junto con otras declaraciones de estilos que tengamos en nuestra página o en el fichero de estilos CSS.</li></ul><span class="codigo" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px;"><style type="text/css"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />.mifecha {<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> background-color: #999;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> padding: 3px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> width: 110px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> text-align: center;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-family:verdana, arial;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-size: 12pt;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />}<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />.mifecha .ano{<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> background-color: #339;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> padding: 2px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-size: 100%;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> margin-bottom: 3px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> color: #fff;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> letter-spacing: 3px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-weight: bold;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />}<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />.mifecha .dia{<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> background-color: #99f;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-size: 300%;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> padding: 5px 8px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> margin-bottom: 3px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-weight: bold;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />}<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />.mifecha .mes{<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> background-color: #339;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-size: 80%;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> padding: 2px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> color: #fff;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-weight: bold;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />}<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></style><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><script><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var f=new Date();<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var meses = new Array ("Enero","Febrero","Marzo","Abril","Mayo","Junio","Julio","Agosto","Septiembre","Octubre","Noviembre","Diciembre");<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write('<div class="mifecha">');<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write('<div class="ano">' + f.getFullYear() + '</div>');<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write('<div class="dia">' + f.getDate() + '</div>');<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write('<div class="mes">' + meses[f.getMonth()] + '</div>');<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write('</div>');<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></script></span><span style="font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px;"></span><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;">Como decía, las declaraciones de estilos las he creado yo ahora como me ha parecido bien, pero vosotros tendríais que editar el código CSS para que la fecha tenga un aspecto que quede bien en vuestra página.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;">Con un mínimo de habilidades de Javascript y CSS estoy seguro que podréis alterar este código de manera que se pueda mostrar la fecha con otro aspecto y otra ordenación de los elementos.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.7em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 2rem;">Fecha creativa, con casillas para los días del mes y con el día actual remarcado</h2><span style="font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px;">Por variar un poco este script para escribir el día de hoy en una web, he creado una forma de mostrar la fecha un poco más creativa. Utilizo un código de Javascript un poco más complejo, para generar los casilleros de todos los días del mes, resaltando el día actual. Da un aspecto similar a un calendario, pero bastante más simplificado.</span><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;">Este script ya se complica un poco, básicamente porque tengo que meter algunas líneas de código para saber cuántos días tiene el mes actual, a fin de crear cada una de las casillas para cada uno de los días. Además, tendré que hacer una comprobación para saber cuál es el día actual y darle un estilo diferente. Como en el caso anterior, hacemos uso de un poco de CSS para decorar y estilizar los componentes de esta fecha.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.04px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="codigo" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><style type="text/css"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />.mifecha2 {<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> border: 1px solid #ddd;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> padding: 3px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> text-align: center;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-family:verdana, arial;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-size: 10pt;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> overflow: hidden;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> width: 100%<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />}<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />.mifecha2 .mesano{<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> float: left;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> padding: 3px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-weight: bold;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />}<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />.mifecha2 .dia, .mifecha2 .diaactual{<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> width: 20px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> padding: 3px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> margin-left: 3px;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> background-color: #ddd;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> float: left;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />}<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />.mifecha2 .diaactual{<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> background-color: #999;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> font-weight: bold;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />}<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></style><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><script><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var f=new Date();<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var ano = f.getFullYear();<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var mes = f.getMonth();<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var dia = f.getDate();<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var estiloDia;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var meses = new Array ("Enero","Febrero","Marzo","Abril","Mayo","Junio","Julio","Agosto","Septiembre","Octubre","Noviembre","Diciembre");<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var diasSemana = new Array("Domingo","Lunes","Martes","Miércoles","Jueves","Viernes","Sábado");<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var diasMes = new Array(31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31);<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />var diaMaximo = diasMes[mes];<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />if (mes == 1 && (((ano % 4 == 0) && (ano % 100 != 0)) || (ano % 400 == 0)))<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> diaMaximo = 29;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write('<div class="mifecha2">');<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write('<div class="mesano">' + meses[mes] + ' ' + ano + ':</div>');<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />for (i=1; i<=diaMaximo; i++){<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> if(i == dia)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> estiloDia = "diaactual";<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> else<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> estiloDia = "dia";<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> document.write('<div class="' + estiloDia + '">' + i + '</div>');<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />} <br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />document.write('</div>');<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></script></span></p>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2429128617038591137.post-8752283833604432482021-09-30T11:59:00.001-04:002021-09-30T11:59:04.413-04:00HTTP Status Codes<p><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: bold;">Registration Procedure(s)</span></p><dl style="font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;"><dd><pre style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">IETF Review</pre></dd><dt style="font-weight: bold;">Reference</dt><dd>[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231</a>]</dd><dt style="font-weight: bold;">Note</dt><dd><pre style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">1xx: Informational - Request received, continuing process
2xx: Success - The action was successfully received, understood, and accepted
3xx: Redirection - Further action must be taken in order to complete the request
4xx: Client Error - The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled
5xx: Server Error - The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request
</pre></dd><dt style="font-weight: bold;">Available Formats</dt><dd><a class="altformat" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes-1.csv" style="color: blue; display: inline-block; font-size: 9.33333px; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.5em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img src="https://www.iana.org/_img/icons/text-csv.png" style="border-style: none;" /><br />CSV</a></dd></dl><table class="sortable" id="table-http-status-codes-1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; margin: 1em 0px;"><thead style="background-color: #e2e2e2;"><tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(145, 150, 153); border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248); cursor: pointer;"><th style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left;">Value <img src="https://www.iana.org/assignments/_support/sort_none.gif" style="border-style: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></th><th style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left;">Description <img src="https://www.iana.org/assignments/_support/sort_none.gif" style="border-style: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></th><th style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left;">Reference <img src="https://www.iana.org/assignments/_support/sort_none.gif" style="border-style: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">100</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Continue</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.2.1</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">101</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Switching Protocols</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.2.2</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">102</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Processing</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc2518">RFC2518</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">103</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Early Hints</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc8297">RFC8297</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">104-199</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">200</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">OK</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.3.1</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">201</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Created</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.3.2</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">202</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Accepted</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.3.3</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">203</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Non-Authoritative Information</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.3.4</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">204</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">No Content</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.3.5</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">205</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Reset Content</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.3.6</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">206</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Partial Content</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7233">RFC7233, Section 4.1</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">207</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Multi-Status</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc4918">RFC4918</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">208</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Already Reported</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc5842">RFC5842</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">209-225</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">226</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">IM Used</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc3229">RFC3229</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">227-299</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">300</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Multiple Choices</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.4.1</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">301</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Moved Permanently</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.4.2</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">302</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Found</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.4.3</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">303</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">See Other</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.4.4</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">304</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Not Modified</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7232">RFC7232, Section 4.1</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">305</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Use Proxy</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.4.5</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">306</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">(Unused)</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.4.6</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">307</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Temporary Redirect</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.4.7</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">308</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Permanent Redirect</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7538">RFC7538</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">309-399</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">400</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Bad Request</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.1</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">401</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unauthorized</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7235">RFC7235, Section 3.1</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">402</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Payment Required</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.2</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">403</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Forbidden</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.3</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">404</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Not Found</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.4</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">405</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Method Not Allowed</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.5</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">406</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Not Acceptable</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.6</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">407</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Proxy Authentication Required</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7235">RFC7235, Section 3.2</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">408</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Request Timeout</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.7</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">409</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Conflict</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.8</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">410</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Gone</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.9</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">411</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Length Required</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.10</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">412</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Precondition Failed</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7232">RFC7232, Section 4.2</a>][<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc8144">RFC8144, Section 3.2</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">413</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Payload Too Large</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.11</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">414</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">URI Too Long</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.12</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">415</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unsupported Media Type</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.13</a>][<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7694">RFC7694, Section 3</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">416</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Range Not Satisfiable</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7233">RFC7233, Section 4.4</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">417</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Expectation Failed</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.14</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">418-420</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">421</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Misdirected Request</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7540">RFC7540, Section 9.1.2</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">422</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unprocessable Entity</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc4918">RFC4918</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">423</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Locked</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc4918">RFC4918</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">424</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Failed Dependency</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc4918">RFC4918</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">425</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Too Early</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc8470">RFC8470</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">426</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Upgrade Required</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.5.15</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">427</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">428</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Precondition Required</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc6585">RFC6585</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">429</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Too Many Requests</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc6585">RFC6585</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">430</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">431</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Request Header Fields Too Large</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc6585">RFC6585</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">432-450</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">451</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unavailable For Legal Reasons</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7725">RFC7725</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">452-499</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">500</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Internal Server Error</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.6.1</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">501</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Not Implemented</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.6.2</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">502</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Bad Gateway</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.6.3</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">503</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Service Unavailable</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.6.4</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">504</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Gateway Timeout</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.6.5</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">505</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">HTTP Version Not Supported</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc7231">RFC7231, Section 6.6.6</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">506</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Variant Also Negotiates</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc2295">RFC2295</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">507</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Insufficient Storage</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc4918">RFC4918</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">508</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Loop Detected</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc5842">RFC5842</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">509</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">510</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Not Extended</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc2774">RFC2774</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">511</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Network Authentication Required</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="https://www.iana.org/go/rfc6585">RFC6585</a>]</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(145, 150, 153); border-top: 1px solid rgb(236, 239, 248);"><td align="center" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">512-599</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">Unassigned</td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr></tbody></table>EjGohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04535807376629964975noreply@blogger.com